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State of Wisconsin
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Flag Of Wisconsin
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Seal Of Wisconsin
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Badger State, America's Dairyland
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Forward
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Madison
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None
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Milwaukee
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James Doyle, Jr (D)
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Herb Kohl (D)<br /> Russ Feingold (D)
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23<sup>rd</sup>
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169,790
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65,498
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140,787
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54,310
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28,006
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11,188
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42°󈐆′ N to 47°󈏭′ N
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86°󈐖′ W to 92°󈐝′ W
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20<sup>th</sup>
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2006
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5,556,506
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5,556,506
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24<sup>th</sup>
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5,556,506
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3813
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988 <!--censusgov -->
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$47,220
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15<sup>th</sup>
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30<sup>th</sup>
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May 29 , 1848
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420
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260
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500
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Timms Hill 1
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595
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1,951
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320
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Lake Michigan
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US-WI
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WI
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Wis
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( located near the center of the
North American Continent . It touches two of the five
Great Lakes and is one of the fifty
States that constitutes the
United States Of America . Wisconsin's
Capital is
Madison , and its largest city is
Milwaukee .
Jim Doyle is the current
Governor Of Wisconsin , having held that office since
January 6 ,
2003 .
Wisconsin, bordered by the states of
Iowa ,
Minnesota ,
Michigan and
Illinois , as well as Lakes
Michigan and
Superior , has been part of United States territory since the end of the
American Revolution ; the
Wisconsin Territory (which included parts of other current states) was formed on
July 3 ,
1836 . Wisconsin ratified its
Constitution on
March 13 ,
1848 , and was admitted to the Union on
May 29 ,
1848 , as the 30th state. The state's southern boundary line was originally supposed to reach the southern-most tip of Lake Michigan, but for some reason politics intervened during the debates of the
Northwest Ordinance to make it as it appears in the present day. Wisconsin would have possessed the city of
Chicago had the state line been pushed further south as originally contemplated.
Since its founding, Wisconsin has been ethnically heterogeneous, with
Yankee s being among the first to arrive from New York and New England. They dominated the state's heavy industry, finance, politics and education. Large numbers of European
Immigrants followed them, including
Germans , mostly between 1850 and 1900,
Scandinavia ns (the largest group being Norwegian) and smaller groups of
Belgians ,
Dutch ,
Swiss ,
Finns ,
Irish and others; in the 20th century, large numbers of
Poles and
African Americans came, settling mainly in Milwaukee.
Today, 42.6% of the population is of German ancestry, making Wisconsin one of the most
German-American states in the
United States . Numerous
Ethnic Festival s are held throughout Wisconsin to celebrate its heritage. Such festivals are world renowned, and include
Festa Italiana , Bastille Days,
Syttende Mai (Norwegian Constitution Day),
Summerfest , Cheese Days (Monroe, WI), African World Festival, Indian Summer,
Irish Fest and many others.
See Also: History of Wisconsin
's 1634 discovery of Wisconsin]]
The first known inhabitants of what is now Wisconsin were the
Paleo-Indians , who first arrived in the region in about 10,000 BC. They used primitive weapons to hunt animals such as mammoths and mastodons. The Boaz
Mastodon , and the
Clovis artifacts discovered in
Boaz, Wisconsin , show that hunting was the primary occupation for these people. The
Plano Culture began to dominate Wisconsin around 7000 BC, as the last glaciers retreated from the state. During the
Archaic Stage , from 6,000 – 1,000 BC, Wisconsin was inhabited by the Boreal Archaic and the Old Copper Indians. People during this time lived in small groups or bands, and continued to depend on hunting for their existence.
In 1634, Frenchman
Jean Nicolet became Wisconsin's first European explorer, landing at Red Banks, near modern-day
Green Bay in search of a passage to the Orient. The French controlled the area until it was ceded to the British in 1763.
Wisconsin was part of the
Northwest Territory from 1788 to 1800. It was then governed as part of
Indiana Territory (1800-1809),
Illinois Territory (1809-1818), and
Michigan Territory (1818-1836).
2 Settlement began when the first two public land offices opened in 1834.
3 Wisconsin Territory was organized on
July 3 ,
1836 , and it became the 30th state on
May 29 1848 .
The state mineral is
Galena , otherwise known as lead sulfide, which reflects Wisconsin's early mining history. Many town names, such as
Mineral Point , recall a period in the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s, when Wisconsin was an important mining state. When Indian treaties opened up southwest Wisconsin to settlement, thousands of miners — many of them immigrants from
Cornwall ,
England — joined the "lead rush" in southwestern areas. At that time, Wisconsin produced more than half of the nation's lead;
Belmont , in the lead region, was briefly the state capital. By the 1840s, the easily accessible deposits were worked out, and experienced miners were drawn away to the
California Gold Rush . This period of mining before and during the early years of statehood led to the state's nickname, the "Badger State". Many miners and their families lived in the mines in which they worked until adequate above-ground shelters were built, and were thus compared to
Badger s.
4
In the 1830-60 period, large numbers of Yankees from New England and New York flocked to Wisconsin. The New Yorkers were influential in bringing dairy farming to the state. As New York was the leading dairy state at the time, migrants from there brought with them the skills needed for dairy farming, as well as butter and cheese production.
5
Other Yankees settled in towns or cities where they set up businesses, factories, mills, banks, schools, libraries, colleges, and voluntary societies. They created many
Congregational , Presbyterian and Methodist churches that still exist. The Yankees created the Republican party in 1854—the first local meeting in the country came in
Ripon . They gave strong support to the Civil War effort, as well as to reforms such as abolition, women's suffrage and, especially, prohibition.
Even larger numbers of Germans arrived, so that the state became over one-third German. Most became farmers; others moved to Milwaukee and smaller cities setting up breweries and becoming craftsmen, machinists and skilled workers who were in high demand as the state industrialized. The Germans were split along religious lines. Most Germans were Catholic or Lutheran, with some Lutherans forming the
Wisconsin Synod and others joining the
Missouri Synod . The
Catholics and
Lutherans created their own network of parochial schools, through grade 8. Smaller numbers of Germans were Methodists, Jews, or Freethinkers (especially intellectual refugees). Politically they tended toward the Democratic party, but 30-40% voted Republican. Whenever the Republicans seemed to support prohibition, they shifted toward the Democrats. When nativist Republicans, led by governor William Hoard, passed the
Bennett Law in 1889 that would eliminate instruction in the German language, German-Americans revolted and helped elect the Democrats in 1890. In
World War I , German culture came under heavy attack in Wisconsin. Senator LaFollette became their protector and Germans strongly supported his wing of the Republican party after that.
Scandinavians comprise the third largest ethnic block, with Norwegians, Danes, Swedes, and Finns becoming farmers and lumberjacks in the western and northern districts. A large Danish settlement in Racine was the only large urban presence. The great majority were Lutheran, of various synods. The Scandinavians supported Prohibition and voted Republican; in the early 20th century they were the backbone of the LaFollette movement. Irish Catholics came to Milwaukee and Madison and smaller cities as railroad workers. They quickly became prominent in local government and in the Democratic party. They wrestled with the German Catholics for control of the Catholic church in the state.
It may come from an ancient
Ojibwe word, ''Miskwasiniing'', meaning "Red-stone place," which was probably the name given to the
Wisconsin River , and was recorded as ''Ouisconsin'' by the French. The spelling was revised to its current form in 1845 by Wisconsin's territorial lesgislature.
The modern Ojibwe name, however, is ''Wiishkoonsing'' or ''Wazhashkoonsing'', meaning "muskrat-lodge place" or "little muskrat place." Other theories are that the name comes from words meaning "Gathering of the Waters" or "Great Rock." Originally, ''Ouisconsin'' was applied to the Wisconsin River, and later to the area as a whole when Wisconsin became a territory.
Wisconsin's economy was originally based on
Farming (especially dairy),
Mining , and
Lumbering . In the 20th century, tourism became important, and many people living on former farms commuted to jobs elsewhere. Large-scale industrialization began in the late 19th century in the southeast of the state, with the city of
Milwaukee as its major center. In recent decades,
Service Industries , especially medicine and education, have become dominant. Wisconsin's landscape, largely shaped by the
Wisconsin Glaciation of the last
Ice Age , makes the state popular for both tourism and many forms of outdoor recreation.
During the period of the
Civil War , Wisconsin was a
Republican and pro-Union stronghold. Ethno-religious issues in the late 19th century caused a brief split in the Republican coalition. Through the first half of the 20th century, Wisconsin's politics were dominated by
Robert La Follette and his sons, originally of the
Republican Party , but later of their own
Progressive Party . Since 1945, the state has maintained a close balance between Republicans and
Democrats . Republican Senator
Joe McCarthy was a major national figure in the early 1950s. Recent leading Republicans include former Governor
Tommy Thompson and Congressman
F. James Sensenbrenner, Jr. ; prominent Democrats include Governor
Jim Doyle , Senators
Herb Kohl and
Russ Feingold , and Congressman
David Obey .
6
The state is bordered by the
Montreal River ;
Lake Superior and
Michigan to the north; by
Lake Michigan to the east; by
Illinois to the south; and by
Iowa and
Minnesota to the west. The state's boundaries include the
Mississippi River and
St. Croix River in the west, and the
Menominee River in the northeast. With its location between the
Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, Wisconsin is home to a wide variety of geographical features. The state is divided into five distinct regions. In the north, the
Lake Superior Lowland occupies a belt of land along Lake Superior. Just to the south, the
Northern Highland has massive mixed hardwood and coniferous forests including the 1.5 million acre
Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest , as well as thousands of glacial lakes, and the state's highest point,
Timms Hill . In the middle of the state, the
Central Plain possesses some unique sandstone formations like the
Dells Of The Wisconsin River in addition to rich farmland. The
Eastern Ridges And Lowlands region in the southeast is home to many of Wisconsin's largest cities. In the southwest, the
Western Upland is a rugged landscape with a mix of forest and farmland, including many bluffs on the
Mississippi River . This region is part of the
Driftless Area , which also includes portions of
Iowa ,
Illinois , and
Minnesota . This area was not covered by
Glacier s during the most recent ice age, the
Wisconsin Glaciation . of southwestern Wisconsin is characterized by bluffs carved in
Sedimentary rock by water from melting
Ice Age glaciers.]] Overall, 46% of Wisconsin's land area is covered by forest.
The varied landscape of Wisconsin makes the state a vacation destination popular for outdoor recreation. Winter events include skiing, ice fishing and snowmobile derbies. Wisconsin has many lakes of varied size; in fact Wisconsin contains 11,188 square miles (28,977
Km&2 ) of water, more than all but three other states (
Alaska ,
Michigan &
Florida ). The distinctive
Door Peninsula , which extends off the eastern coast of the state, contains one of the state's most beautiful tourist destinations,
Door County . The area draws thousands of visitors yearly to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and ever-popular
Fish Boil s.
Areas under the management of the
National Park Service include the following:
Wisconsin's climate is suitable for growing crops with a wet season falling in spring and summer, bringing with it almost two-thirds of yearly precipitation. It brings cold snowy winters, for which Wisconsin is well-known. The highest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in the Wisconsin Dells, on July 13, 1936, and was 114 °F (46 °C). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Wisconsin was in Couderay, on both February 2 and 4, 1996, and was –55 °F (-48 °C).
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The state has always been ethnically
Heterogeneous . Large numbers of
Germans arrived between 1850 and 1900, centering in
Milwaukee , but also settling in many small cities and farm areas in the southeast.
Norwegians settled in lumbering and farming areas in the northwest. Small colonies of
Belgians ,
Swiss ,
Finns and other groups came to the state. Irish Catholics mostly came to the cities. After 1900,
Polish immigrants came to Milwaukee, followed by
African Americans from 1940 on.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2006, Wisconsin has an estimated population of 5,556,506, which is an increase of 28,862, or 0.5%, from the prior year and an increase of 192,791, or 3.6%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 144,051 people (that is 434,966 births minus 290,915 deaths) and an increase from net migration of 65,781 people into the state.
Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 56,557 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 9,224 people. The top 5 states with a net increase of migration into Wisconsin are 1) Illinois, 2) California, 3) Indiana 4) New York and 5) Pennsylvania. The
Center Of Population of Wisconsin is located in
Green Lake County , in the city of
Markesan .
9
As of 2004, there are 229,800 foreign-born residents in the state (4.2% of the state population), and an estimated 41,000
Undocumented Workers living in the state, accounting for 18% of the foreign-born population.
The five largest ancestry groups in Wisconsin are:
German (42.6%),
Irish (10.9%),
Polish (9.3%),
Norwegian (8.5%),
English (6.5%)
Wisconsin, with many cultural remnants of its heavy German settlement, is known as perhaps the most "
German-American " state in the Union. People of Scandinavian descent, especially
Norwegians , are heavily concentrated in some western parts of the state. Wisconsin has the highest percentage of residents of Polish ancestry of any state. Menominee County is the only county in the eastern United States with an American Indian majority.
86% of Wisconsin's African American population lives in one of five cities:
Milwaukee ,
Racine ,
Madison ,
Kenosha and
Beloit while Milwaukee itself is home to nearly three-fourths of the state's African Americans. Milwaukee ranks in the top 10 major U.S. cities with the highest number of African Americans per capita. In the
Great Lakes region, only
Detroit and
Cleveland have a higher percentage of African Americans.
33% of Wisconsin's Asian population is
Hmong , with significant communities in
Milwaukee ,
Wausau ,
Green Bay ,
Sheboygan ,
Appleton ,
La Crosse ,
Stevens Point ,
Madison , and
Eau Claire .
6.4% of Wisconsin's population was reported as under 5, 25.5% under 18, and 13.1% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.6% of the population.
The largest denominations are Roman Catholic,
Missouri Synod ,
Wisconsin Synod and
ELCA Lutherans. The religious affiliations of the people of Wisconsin are shown in the list below:
10
in
Milwaukee is Wisconsin's tallest skyscraper.]]
According to the 2004 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis report, Wisconsin’s gross state product was $211.7 billion. The per capita personal income was $32,157 in 2004.
The economy of Wisconsin is driven by
Manufacturing ,
Agriculture , and
Health Care . Although manufacturing accounts for a far greater part of the state's income than farming, Wisconsin is often perceived as a farming state. It produces more dairy products than any other state in the United States except
California , and leads the nation in
Cheese production. Wisconsin ranks second behind California in overall production of milk and butter, and it ranks third in per-capita milk production, behind
Idaho and
Vermont .
11 Based on poll results, Governor Jim Doyle chose for Wisconsin's
50 State Quarters design a Holstein cow, an ear of corn, and a wheel of cheese.
12 Wisconsin ranks first in the production of
Corn for
Silage ,
Cranberries ,
Ginseng , and
Snap Beans for processing. Wisconsin is also a leading producer of
Oat s,
Potato es,
Carrot s, tart
Cherries ,
Maple Syrup , and
Sweet Corn for processing.
Given Wisconsin's strong agricultural tradition, it is not surprising that a large part of the state's manufacturing sector deals with food processing. Some well known food brands produced in Wisconsin include
Oscar Mayer ,
Tombstone frozen pizza,
Johnsonville Brats , and
Usinger's Sausage .
Kraft Foods alone employs over 5,000 people in the state. Milwaukee is a major producer of
Beer and the home of
Miller Brewing Company 's world headquarters, the nation's second-largest brewer.
Schlitz ,
Blatz , and
Pabst used to be cornerstone breweries within the city of
Milwaukee . Today, Milwaukee's economy is more diverse with an emphasis on health care. In 2004, four of the city's ten largest employers (including the top two) were part of the health care industry.
13
Wisconsin is also home to several transportation equipment and machinery manufacturers. Major Wisconsin companies in these categories include the
Kohler Company ,
Rockwell Automation ,
Johnson Controls ,
Briggs & Stratton ,
Miller Electric ,
Milwaukee Electric Tool Company ,
Oshkosh Truck , and
Harley-Davidson . Wisconsin also ranks first nationwide in the production of
Paper products; the lower
Fox River from
Lake Winnebago to the
Bay Of Green Bay has 24 paper mills along its 39 mile (63 km) stretch. The largest paper companies with operations in Wisconsin are
Kimberly-Clark and
Georgia-Pacific , both of which rank among the state's top ten employers.
The development and manufacture of health care devices and software is a growing sector of the state's economy with key players such as
GE Healthcare ,
Epic Systems , and
TomoTherapy .
Tourism is also a major industry in Wisconsin — the state's third largest, according to the Department of Tourism. This is largely attributed to the 90 attractions in the
Wisconsin Dells family vacation destination area, which attracts nearly 3 million visitors per year. Tourist destinations such as the
House On The Rock near
Spring Green and
Circus World Museum in
Baraboo also draw thousands of visitors annually, and festivals such as
Summerfest and the
EAA Oshkosh Airshow draw national attention along with hundreds of thousands of visitors.
Wisconsin collects personal
Income Tax based on four income-level brackets, which range from 4.6% to 6.75%. The state
Sales and
Use Tax rate is 5%. Fifty-nine counties have an additional sales/use tax of 0.5%.
14 The counties surrounding
Milwaukee County have an additional 0.5% tax imposed upon them to fund the new
Baseball stadium,
Miller Park , which was constructed around the turn of the century. Retailers who make sales subject to applicable county taxes must collect 5.5% tax on their retail sales.
The most common property tax assessed on Wisconsin residents is the real
Property Tax , or their residential property tax. Wisconsin does not impose a property tax on vehicles but does levy an annual registration fee. Property taxes are the most important tax revenue source for Wisconsin's local governments, as well as major methods of funding school districts, vocational technical colleges, special purpose districts and tax incremental finance districts. Equalized values are based on the full market value of all taxable property in the state, except for agricultural land. In order to provide property tax relief for farmers, the value of agricultural land is determined by its value for agricultural uses, rather than for its possible development value. Equalized values are used to distribute state aid payments to counties, municipalities, and technical colleges. Assessments prepared by local assessors are used to distribute the property tax burden within individual municipalities.
Wisconsin does not assess a tax on
Intangible Property . Wisconsin does not collect
Inheritance Tax es. Wisconsin's
Estate Tax is decoupled from the federal estate tax laws; therefore the state imposes its own estate tax on certain large estates
{Link without Title} .
The capital is
Madison .
]]
Much of the state's political history involved coalitions among different ethnic groups. The most famous controversy dealt with foreign language teaching in schools. This was fought out in the
Bennett Law campaign of 1890, when the Germans switched to the
Democratic Party because of the
Republican Party's support of the Bennett Law, which led to a major victory for the Democrats.
The cities of Wisconsin have been active in organizing themselves to provide for greater government transparency by increasing the availability of legislative information on the internet. Currently three out of the top five most populous cities in Wisconsin provide their constituents with internet based access of all public records directly from the cities’ databases. Wisconsin cities started to make this a priority after , has been named the
Number 1 digital city by the Center for Digital Government in consecutive years. Nearly 18 percent of Wisconsin’s population has the ability to access their municipality’s information in this way.
1984 was the last election that Wisconsin supported a Republican Presidential candidate. However, both the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections were close, with Wisconsin receiving heavy doses of national advertising because it was a "swing" or
Pivot State . Al Gore carried the presidential vote in 2000 by only 5,700 votes, and John Kerry won Wisconsin in 2004 by 11,000 votes. Republicans had a stronghold in the
Fox Valley but elected a Democrat, Steve Kagen, of Appleton, for the 8th Congressional District in 2006. Republicans have held
Waukesha County ). The City of
Milwaukee itself heads the list of Wisconsin's Democratic strongholds which also includes
Madison and the state's
Native American Reservations . WIsconsin's largest Congressional district, the 7th Congressional district has been a strong Democratic hold since 1969, and has re-elected Congressman David Obey with 62% of the vote. Rep. Obey chairs the powerful House Appropriations Committee.
- Wisconsin's political history encompasses, on the one hand, "Fighting Bob" La Follette and the Progressive Movement ; and on the other, Joe McCarthy , the controversial anti-Communist censured by the Senate during the 1950s.
- In the early 20th century, the Socialist Party Of America had a base in Milwaukee (the phenomenon was referred to as Sewer Socialism because the socialists were more concerned with public works and reform than with revolution); it faded out in the late 1950s, largely due to the Red Scare and racial tensions.15 The first Socialist mayor of a large city in the United States was Emil Seidel , elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910; another Socialist, Daniel Hoan , was mayor of Milwaukee from 1916 to 1940; and a third, Frank P. Zeidler , from 1948-1960. Socialist Newspaper Editor Victor Berger was repeatedly elected as a U.S. Representative, although he was prevented from serving for some time due to his opposition to the First World War .
- William Proxmire , a Democratic Senator (1957-89) dominated the Democratic party for years; he was best known for attacking waste and fraud in federal spending.
- Democrat Russ Feingold was the only Senator to vote against the Patriot Act in 2001.
- Democrat Tammy Baldwin from Madison was the first, and is currently the only, openly lesbian U.S. Representative.16
- In 2004, Gwen Moore , a Democrat from Milwaukee , became Wisconsin's first, and currently only, African-American U.S. Representative.
The 2006, Democrats gained in a national sweep of opposition to the Bush administration, and the Iraq War. The retiring GOP 8th District Congressman, Mark Green, of Green Bay, ran against Gov. Doyle, amidst a scandal of illegal campaign contributions. Green lost by 8% statewide, including his own district and hometown. Doyle became the first Democratic Governor to be re-elected in 32 years. The Republicans lost control of the state Senate with 3 Republicans losing their seats. The Democrats gained 8 seats in the state Assembly, but the Republicans retained a 3 vote majority, in that house.
Wisconsin's self-promotion as "America's Dairyland" sometimes leads to a mistaken impression that it is an exclusively rural state. However, Wisconsin contains cities and towns of all sizes, and over 68% of Wisconsin residents live in urban areas.
17 Milwaukee is slightly larger than
Boston and is the beginning of a largely developed string of cities that stretches down the western edge of Lake Michigan into greater Chicago and also into northwestern Indiana. Milwaukee is also the 22nd-largest city in the country,
18 with around 580,000 inhabitants. This string of cities along the western edge of Lake Michigan is generally considered to be an example of a
Megalopolis . Madison's dual identity as state capital and college town gives it a cultural richness unusual in a city its size. Madison is also a very fast-growing city, that has around 220,000 people. Medium-size cities dot the state and anchor a network of working farms surrounding them.
Cities and
Villages are incorporated urban areas in Wisconsin.
Towns are unincorporated
Civil Division s of
Counties .
Cities in Wisconsin with population of 50,000 or more (as of the 2005 census estimate) include:
- Milwaukee , population 578,887 (1,709,926 in Metropolitan Area ), largest city
- Madison , population 221,551 (588,885 in metropolitan area), state capital
- Green Bay , population 101,203 (295,473 in metropolitan area)
- Kenosha , population 95,240, part of the Chicago Metropolitan Area
- Racine , population 85,855, part of the Milwaukee Metropolitan Area
- Appleton , population 70,217 (213,102 in metropolitan area)
- Waukesha , population 67,658 part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area
- Oshkosh , population 63,485 (159,008 in metropolitan area)
- Eau Claire , population 62,570 (148,337 in metropolitan area)
- Janesville , population 61,962 (154,794 in metropolitan area)
- West Allis , population 58,798, part of the Milwaukee metropolitan area
- Sheboygan , population 51,017
- La Crosse , population 50,287 (128,592 in metropolitan area)
]]
