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John Von Neumann rigorously established the correct mathematical framework for quantum mechanics with his work ''Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik''. He provided in this work a theory of measurement, where the usual notion of wave collapse is described as an irreversible process (the so called von Neumann or projective measurement). INTRODUCTION The density matrix was introduced, with different motivations, by von Neumann and by Lev Landau . The motivation that inspired Landau was the impossibility of describing a subsystem of a composite quantum system by a state vector. On the other hand, von Neumann introduced the density matrix in order to develop both quantum statistical mechanics and a theory of quantum measurements. | ||
|   | :<math>\Psi Angle \, | \,\sum_i a_i\, \psi_i
angle </math> |
|   | :<math> E(B) \, | \,\sum_{i,j} a_i^{}a_j\, \langle i B j
angle</math> |
|   | :<math> \langle J\, Ho \, i Angle \, | \,a_j\, a_i^{}</math> |
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