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Sounds are played back over headphones which provide the listener with more cues normally present in real-world environment. Perception of an externalized sound source comes from acoustic cues, which are generated by the interaction of sound with the head and external ears. A sound arising to one side of the head will:
Normal stereo sound presented over ear-phones uses ILD to give the listener a perception of sound source lateralisation. However, since the ear-phones bypass the external ears, the sound is perceived as arising from inside the head. A perception of externalization (the sound appearing to arise from outside the head) can be achieved simply by recording a signal through a microphone connected to a dummy ear. More elaborate approaches record the filtering effect of each ear to sounds presented from various locations, using miniature microphones located at the entrance of the ear canal. The resulting filter-bank is known as the head-related transfer function (or HRTF). By digitally convolving any sound signal with HRTF, adding the appropriate ITD and ILD, and presenting the sound over head-phones, one can make a sound appear to arise from any desired location in space. SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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