| User-generated Content |
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The term entered mainstream usage during 2005 after arising in web publishing and New Media content production circles. It reflects the expansion of media production through new technologies that are accessible and affordable to the general public. These include Digital Video , Blogging , Podcasting , mobile phone photography and wikis. In addition to these technologies, user-generated content may also employ a combination of Open Source , Free Software , and flexible Licensing or related agreements to further diminish the barriers to collaboration, skill-building and discovery. Sometimes UGC can constitute only a portion of a website. For example on Amazon.com the majority of content is prepared by Administrators , but numerous user reviews of the products being sold are submitted by regular visitors to the site. Often UGC is partially or totally monitored by website administrators to avoid offensive content or language, copyright infringement issues, or simply to determine if the content posted is relevant to the site's general theme. CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT OF UGC The advent of user-generated content marks a shift among some media organisations from creating on-line content to creating the facilities and framework for non-media professionals (i.e. 'ordinary people') to publish their own content in prominent places. User-generated content has also been characterised as 'Conversational Media', as opposed to 'Packaged Goods Media' (that is, traditional media). The former is a two-way process in contrast to the one-way distribution of the latter. Conversational or two-way media is a key characteristic of so-called Web 2.0 which encourages the publishing of one's own content and commenting on other people's. The OECD has defined three central characteristics for UGC • Publication requirement: While UGC could be made by a user and never published online or elsewhere, we focus here on the work that is published in some context, be it on a publicly accessible website or on a page on a social networking site only accessible to a select group of people (i.e. fellow university students). This is a useful way to exclude email, two-way instant messages and the like. • Creative effort: This implies that a certain amount of creative effort was put into creating the work or adapting existing works to construct a new one; i.e. users must add their own value to the work. The creative effort behind UGC often also has a collaborative element to it, as is the case with websites which users can edit collaboratively. For example, merely copying a portion of a television show and posting it to an online video website (an activity frequently seen on the UGC sites) would not be considered UGC. If a user uploads his/her photographs, however, expresses his/her thoughts in a blog, or creates a new music video, this could be considered UGC. Yet the minimum amount of creative effort is hard to define and depends on the context. • Creation outside of professional routines and practices: User-generated content is generally created outside of professional routines and practices. It often does not have an institutional or a commercial market context. In extreme cases, UGC may be produced by non-professionals without the expectation of profit or remuneration. Motivating factors include: connecting with peers, achieving a certain level of fame, notoriety, or prestige, and the desire to express oneself. Adoption and recognition by mass media The British Broadcasting Corporation set up a user-generated content team as a pilot in April 2005 with 3 staff. In the wake of the 7 July 2005 London Bombings and the Buncefield Oil Depot Fire , the team was made permanent and was expanded, reflecting the arrival in the mainstream of the 'citizen journalist'. After the Buncefield Disaster the BBC received over 5,000 photos from viewers. The BBC does not normally pay for content generated by its viewers. In 2006 CNN launched CNN IReport , a project designed to bring user-generated news content to CNN. This was typical of major television news organisations in 2005-2006, who realised, particularly in the wake of the 7th July bombings, that Citizen Journalism could now become a significant part of broadcast news. Sky News , for example, regularly solicits for photographs and video from its viewers. User-generated content was featured in Time magazine's 2006 Person Of The Year , in which the person of the year was "you", meaning all of the people who contribute to user-generated media such as YouTube and Wikipedia. DIFFERENT TYPES OF USER GENERATED CONTENT
PROMINENT EXAMPLES OF WEBSITES BASED ON USER-GENERATED CONTENT CRITICISM The term "User-generated Content" has received some criticism. Some commentators assert that the term "user" implies an illusory or unproductive distinction between different kinds of "publishers," with the term "users" exclusively used to characterize publishers who operate on a much smaller scale than traditional mass-media outlets.1 Such classification is said to perpetuate a distinction that some argue is diminishing because of the prevalence and affordability of the means of production and publication. User-generated content has also come under fire from established media outlets such as the New York Times . Many claim that the quality of user-generated content is not up to par with the quality produced by formally trained writers and is contributing to the decline of standards in publishing, particularly with regard to news. Another concern often raised is relating to privacy, with social networking sites encouraging users to share their personal information and messages in publicly viewable areas. SEE ALSO
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