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funiculus umbilicalis, chorda umbilicalis
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Newborn_umbilical_suctionjpg
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A newborn at 45 seconds Preparation to cut the baby's '''umbilical cord''' by affixing the second of two clamps Mucus is sucked from the face while the mother holds the baby's right lower leg
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Allantois
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In placental
Mammal s, the is a tube that connects a developing
Embryo or
Fetus to the
Placenta . It normally contains three
Vessel s, two arteries and one vein, buried within
Wharton's Jelly , for the exchange of
Nutrient - and
Oxygen -rich
Blood between the embryo and
Placenta . The presence of only two vessels in the cord is sometimes related to abnormalities in the fetus, but may occur without accompanying abnormalities.
The umbilical cord develops from the same sperm and egg from which the placenta and fetus develop, and contains remnants of the
Yolk Sac and
Allantois . In humans, the umbilical cord in a full term
Neonate is usually about 50
Centimetre s (19.7
In ) long and about 2 centimetres (0.75 in) diameter, shrinking rapidly in diameter in the after birth.
In the third stage of '', 297(11):1257-58. PMID 17374818.
Today there are umbilical cord clamps which combine the cord clamps with the knife. These clamps are safer and faster, allowing one to first apply the cord clamp and then cut the umbilical cord. After the cord is clamped and cut (Western obstetrical protocol) the newborn wears a plastic clip on the
Navel area until the compressed region of the cord has dried and sealed sufficiently. The remaining umbilical stub remains for up to 2–3 weeks as it dries and then falls off. In nonseverance scenarios, also called
Lotus Birth , the umbilical cord is wrapped up to within an inch of the newborn's belly, and the entire intact cord is allowed to dry like a sinew, which then falls off.Crowther S (2006). "Lotus birth: leaving the cord alone." ''The Practising Midwife'', 9(6):12-14. PMID 16830839.
The umbilical cord is made of Wharton's jelly, not ordinary skin and connective tissue. There are no nerves, so cutting it is not painful. There is ordinarily no significant loss of either infant or maternal blood while cutting the cord. In many Western cultures the umbilical cord is traditionally cut by the
Father of the baby. The cord contains two arteries which carry deoxygenated blood (from the fetus back to the mother) and one vein that carries oxygenated blood (from the mother to the fetus).
Recently, it has been discovered that the blood within the umbilical cord, known as
Cord Blood , is a rich and readily available source of primitive,
Undifferentiated Stem Cell s (i.e.
CD34 -positive and
CD38 -negative). These cord blood cells can be used for
Bone Marrow Transplant .
Others have chosen to have this blood diverted from the baby's umbilical blood transfer through early cord clamping and cutting, to freeze for long-term (and costly) storage at a
Cord Blood Bank should the child ever require the cord blood stem cells (for example, to replace
Bone Marrow destroyed when treating
Leukemia ). This practice is somewhat controversial, with critics asserting that early cord blood withdrawal actually increases the likelihood of childhood disease. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 2006 opinion states, "There is still insufficient evidence to recommend directed commercial cord blood collection and stem-cell storage in low-risk families."
In the future, cord blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells (CBEs) may also be banked and matched with other patients, much like blood and transplanted tissues. The use of CBEs would eliminate the ethical difficulties associated with '',
August 18 ,
2005 . Accessed
June 25 ,
2007 .
A number of abnormalities can affect the umbilical cord, which can cause problems that affect both mother and child:
In other mammals, the mother animal generally will gnaw the cord off separating the placenta from the baby. It is often consumed by the mother which nourishes her, and reduces tissue that would attract scavengers or predators. In
Chimpanzees , the mother focuses no attention on umbilical severance, instead staying still and nursing and holding her baby (with cord, placenta, and all) until the cord dries and separates within a day of birth, at which time she leaves the cord and placenta on the forest floor where it is recycled by scavengers. This was first documented by zoologists in the wild in 1974.
The term "umbilical cord" or just "umbilical" has also come to be used for other cords with similar functions, such as the hose connecting a
Surface-supplied Diver to his surface supply of air and/or heating, or a
Space-suit ed
Astronaut to his spacecraft.
The phrase "cutting the umbilical cord" is used symbolically to describe a child's breaking away from the parental home.
