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A trampoline is a Gymnastic and Recreation al device consisting of a piece of taut, strong fabric stretched over a steel frame using many coiled Springs to provide a rebounding force which propels the jumper high into the air. In a trampoline, the fabric is not elastic itself, the elasticity is provided by the springs which connect it to the frame. HISTORY Early trampoline-like devices It could be said that a kind of trampolining was done by the Inuit people who used to toss each other into the air on a Walrus skin, something like the sheet used by firemen to catch people jumping out of burning buildings. There also is some evidence of people in England having been tossed into the air by a number of people holding a blanket. These may not be the true antecedents of the modern sport of trampolining, but it is certain that in the early years of the 20th Century some acrobats used a "bouncing bed" on the stage to amuse audiences. The bouncing bed was in reality a form of small trampoline covered by bedclothes on which the acrobats performed mostly comedy routines. According to Circus folklore, the trampoline was supposedly first developed by an artiste called Du Trampolin who saw the possibility of using the trapeze safety net as a form of propulsion and landing device and experimented with different systems of suspension, eventually reducing the net to a practical size for separate performance. While there were trampoline like devices used for shows and in the circus, the story of Du Trampolin is probably a myth and no documentary evidence has been found to support it. The modern trampoline The first modern trampoline was built by George Nissen and Larry Griswold around 1934 . Nissen was a Gymnastics and Diving competitor and Griswold was a Tumbler on the gymnastics team, both at the University Of Iowa , USA. They had observed Trapeze artists using a tight net to add entertainment value to their performance and experimented by stretching a piece of canvas, in which they had inserted grommets along each side, to an angle iron frame by means of coiled springs. It was initially used to train tumblers but soon became popular in its own right. The name comes from the Spanish ''trampolín'' meaning a Diving Board . George Nissen heard the word on a demonstration tour in Mexico in the late 1930s and decided to use an anglicized form as the trademark for the apparatus. In 1942 Griswold and Nissen created the Griswold-Nissen Trampoline & Tumbling Company , and began making trampolines commercially in Cedar Rapids, Iowa . Use in flight and astronaut training During World War II , the United States Navy Flight School developed the use of the trampoline in its training of pilots and navigators, giving them concentrated practice in spatial orientation that had not been possible before. After the war, the development of the Space Flight programme again brought the trampoline into use to help train both American and Soviet Astronaut s, giving them experience of variable body positions in flight. Competitive trampoline sports See Also: trampolining The competitive gymnastic sport of Trampolining has been developed and it has been part of the Olympic Games since 2000. On a modern competitive trampoline a skilled athlete can bounce to a height of up to ten metres, performing multiple Somersault s and twists. Trampolines also feature in the competitive sport of Slamball , a variant of Basketball , and Bossaball , a variant of Volleyball . Cross-training for other sports There are a number of other sports which use trampolines to help develop and hone acrobatic skills in training before they are used in the actual sporting venue. Examples of this can be found in Diving , Gymnastics , Freestyle Skiing , Water Skiing , Snowboarding and Wrestling TRAMPOLINE CONSTRUCTION There are two types of trampoline, recreational and competitive. Recreational trampolines are less sturdily constructed and their springs are less strong. They may be of various shapes, though the most usual are circular, octagonal or rectangular. The fabric is usually a waterproof Canvas or woven Polypropylene material. The frame of a competitive trampoline is made of steel and can be made to fold up for transportation to competition venues. The trampoline bed is rectangular 428 cm (approx. 14 feet) by 214 cm (approx. 7 feet) in size {Link without Title} fitted into the 520cm x 305cm (17' x 10') frame with around 110 steel springs (actual number may vary by manufacturer). The bed is made of a strong fabric. The fabric can be woven from webbing which is the most commonly used material. However, in the 2007 World Championships to be held in Quebec City a Ross (or "Two-String") bed, woven from individual thin strings, will be used. In any trampoline, the fabric bed is not elastic itself, the elasticity is provided only by the springs. SAFETY Using a trampoline can be unsafe, and in organized clubs and gyms there are usually spotters placed at each corner of the trampoline to try to break the fall of any athlete who loses control and falls. The majority of injuries happen on privately owned home trampolines. Bouncing off a trampoline can result in a fall of three or four metres from the peak of a bounce to the ground or a fall into the suspension springs and frame. There has been an increase in the number of home trampolines in recent years and a corresponding increase in the number of injuries reported leading some medical organizations to suggest that they be banned. {Link without Title} Authorities recommend that only one person should be allowed to jump at a time to avoid collisions and people being catapulted in an unexpected direction or higher than they expect. It is possible to reduce the dangers by burying the trampoline so the bed is closer to the surrounding surface so any fall is less and having that area padded. Installing pads over the spring and frame will reduce the severity of impact injuries. One of the most common sources of serious injury is an attempt to perform somersaults without having proper training. In some cases, people land on their neck or head which can cause paralysis or even death. Having some training in a gym may also be beneficial in alerting people to possible hazards and provide techniques to avoid bad falls. {Link without Title} Kits are now available for home trampolines that provide a retaining net around the trampoline and prevent users from bouncing over the edge. While these nets do prevent jumpers falling off the trampoline onto the ground, these falls are not the most common source of injury. A 2001 invention by 2007 . MINI-TRAMPOLINES Small, usually round, trampolines (less than one metre in diameter), often called trampettes are sometimes used as part of a Physical Fitness regime. This so-called rebounding allows the user to gain many of the benefits of exercise with a low impact on knees and joints. This type of trampoline is usually kept in an indoor environment. These trampolines do not give a rebound as high as larger size recreational or competitive trampolines. NOTES REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS
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