Information AboutSymbiosis |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT SYMBIOSIS | |
| ecology | |
| symbiosisecology | |
| symbiosis | |
| biological interactions | |
| evolutionary biology | |
In either case symbiosis is much more common in the living world and much more important than is generally assumed. Almost every organism has many internal parasites. A large percentage of . VARIETIES OF SYMBIOSIS (''Amphiprion ocellaris'') in their Ritteri Sea Anemone (''Heteractis magnifica'') home. As both the fish and anemone benefit, this relationship is an example of Mutualism ]]
( the terms in the parentheses refer to whether one or both organisms benefits +, is harmed -, or remains neutral 0) EXAMPLES An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between Clownfish of the genus Amphiprion (family, Pomacentridae ) that dwell among the Tentacle s of tropical Sea Anemone s. The territorial Fish protects the anemone from anemone- Eating fish, and in turn the Stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its Predator s (a special Mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles). Not all anemones that house clownfish are in need of protection, but this does not rule out mutualism, as clownfish often share food with their anemone hosts. A single worm will be halved inside the clownfish's dextrous mouth, and a portion spit out into the anemone's wavering tentacles. species live in symbiosis with a Shrimp .]] Another example is the Goby Fish , which sometimes lives together with a Shrimp . The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind leaving it vulnerable to predators when above ground. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retract into the burrow. A famous land version of symbiosis is the relationship of the Egyptian Plover bird and the Crocodile . In this relationship, the Bird is well known for preying on Parasite s that feed on crocodiles and are potentially harmful to them. To that end, the crocodile openly invites the bird to hunt on his body, even going so far as to open the Jaw s to allow the bird to enter the mouth safely to hunt. For the bird's part, this relationship not only is a ready source of Food , but a safe one considering that few predator Species would dare strike at the bird at such proximity to its host. One of the most spectacular examples of a symbiosis is between the Siboglinid Tube Worms and symbiotic Bacteria that live at Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps . This is a mutualistic symbiosis where the worm completely loses its digestive tract and is solely reliant on their internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans. SYMBIOSIS AND EVOLUTION The biologist Lynn Margulis , famous for the work on Endosymbiosis , contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind Evolution . She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by Competition , as incomplete, and claims evolution is strongly based on Co-operation , Interaction , and Mutual Dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Sagan (1986), " Life did not take over the Globe by Combat , but by Networking ." As in Human s that cooperate with each other or members of different species often out-compete those that do not. REFERENCES
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