| Suppression Of Dissent |
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Suppression of dissent occurs when an individual or group which is more Powerful than another tries to directly or indirectly Censor , Persecute or otherwise Oppress the other party, rather than engage with and constructively respond to or accommodate the other party's arguments or viewpoint. When Dissent is perceived as a Threat , action may be taken to prevent continuing dissent or penalise Dissident s. Government or Industry Brian Martin, "'' Suppression of dissent : what it is and what to do about it ''". Science, Technology & Society, University of Wollongong. may often act in this way. TYPES OF SUPPRESSION Types of suppression include: # Direct action (including various Mean s, Technique s, Methodolog ies, Procedure s, Policies , or Process es) # Indirect actions # Self-censorship ''Direct action'' tries to silence the dissenter via factors or influences in a forthright manner, often coercive. ''Indirect action'' tries to silence the dissenter via intervening factors or influences, but not in a forthright manner. ''Self-censorship'' occurs when individuals are concerned about risking their employment status, standing in an academic course and/or ability to live without threat. It is a Social Action . Some dissenters fear direct actions taken agains them. Self-censorship makes direct and indirect suppression unnecessary.Brian Martin, "'' Suppression of dissent : what it is and what to do about it ''". Science, Technology & Society, University of Wollongong. AREAS OF SUPPRESSION Society and speech Suppression of dissent is undesirable in society for a variety of fundamental reasons. for a Free Society . Dissent is absolutely essential to allow all points of view to be given and considered. Censorship plays a central role in the control of Speech and other forms of human Expression , often by government intervention (through Criminalization or Other Regulation ). It is most commonly applied to acts which occur in Public circumstances, and most formally involves suppression of ideas by criminalizing or regulating expression. This differs from self-censorship, though. Self-censorship is when an individual censors and/or Classifies his/her own speech to avoid offending others, and without authority requiring them to do so. But, especially in some Authoritarian countries, the fear of Secret Police organizations and possible government backlash against individuals may result in an indirect suppression of dissent via self-censorship. Sanitization (removal) and whitewashing (from Whitewash ) are almost interchangeable terms with censorship that refer to a particular form of censorship via omission, which seeks to "clean up" the portrayal of particular issues and facts which are already known, but which may Conflict with the official point of view. In democratic countries, self-censorship is also a possible phenomenon, particularly in times of crisis. In greater society the typical example of suppression of dissent is when a company fires a Whistleblower . Cultural Suppression can exhibit facets of dissenting suppression, especially when used as part of Social Control and the promotion of another more powerful culture over a minority's culture. The devious use of governmental power, political campaign strategy, and resources aimed at suppressing (i.e. reducing) the total vote of opposition candidacies in Voter Suppression is a typical governmental occurrence of suppression of dissent. Sometimes laws are enacted to suppress dissent, South Africa enacted the Suppression Of Communism Act to ban Organization s that supported Communism (and other activities). Academia In argue that peer review makes the ability to publish susceptible to control by Elite s and to personal jealousy. Reviewers tend to be especially critical of Conclusion s that contradict their own View s, and lenient towards those that accord with them. At the same time, elite scientists are more likely than less established ones to be sought out as referees, particularly by high-prestige journals or Publisher s. As a result, it has been argued, ideas that harmonize with the elites are more likely to see print and to appear in premier journals than are iconoclastic or revolutionary ones, which accords with Thomas Kuhn 's well-known observations regarding scientific revolutions. To express the notion of intellectual dissent suppression, a situation has these features Brian Martin, C. M. Ann Baker, Clyde Manwell and Cedric Pugh (editors), Intellectual Suppression: Australian Case Histories, Analysis and Responses, Elites and suppression . (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1986), pp. 185-199.: # a power structure, with some vested interests groups with power and privilege. # views or techniques, methodologies, procedures, and processes in which dissent from is possible. # an alternative source of power (e.g., an alternative power structure) Generally, science is presented as a "noble search" for truth, in which advancement depends on inquiring about established ideas and concepts.Brian Martin, "'' Stamping Out Dissent ; Too often, unconventional or unpopular scientific views are simply suppressed''". Newsweek, 26 April 1993, pp. 49-50 Reportedly, scientists do not see an occasional error as a flaw in science -- they maintain that science is a self-correcting system, and that with substantial evidence, any true investigation into encountered anomalies will result of a change in basic assumptions within the ruling theory of science. But for many dissenters, this is declared as a painful myth.Brian Martin, "'' Stamping Out Dissent ; Too often, unconventional or unpopular scientific views are simply suppressed''". Newsweek, 26 April 1993, pp. 49-50 From various experiences, disagreement with the dominant view comes with danger or risk (personally and professionally). Some researchers and scientists refrain from looking over carefully theories which demonstrates science's undesirable or negative qualities. unsafescience.com, aids Often, a portion of representatives within the prevailing scientific view attack the critic's ideas that go against the dominant ruling theory. Representatives may also attack the critic personally by various methods, including (but not limited to):
Academic Freedom is the freedom of teachers, students, and academic institutions to pursue knowledge wherever it may lead, without undue or unreasonable interference. Conspiracy theories Free Energy Suppression is a Conspiracy Theory claiming that certain Special Interest Group s are suppressing alternative views in science. Groups most often implicated in such activity are the Oil Industry , petroleum National Government s, entrenched tenured faculty and, additionally, Automaker s. The most common perceived motive is preservation of the economic Status Quo and sustained increase of fuel prices. RESPONSES Responses to various acts of Suppression against Dissent include: #Do not act against the suppression. #Use unofficially recognized or controlled methods. #Use officially recognized or controlled channels. #Put into service relevant Legislation , Policies , and Regulation s. #Fetch supporting Organisation s (such as Trade Union s). #Prepare and conduct a Publicity Campaign . Doing nothing against the acts of suppression often allows the state of being suppressed (and associated existing errors and fallacies) to continue. Furthermore, doing nothing does not give rise to support for the dissident views. If Critic s decide to " Toe The Mark " and "keep out of sight", the critic may be re-accepted by the opponent. This passive agreement without protest means that other dissents are likely to encounter the same difficulties.Brian Martin, "'' Suppression of dissent : what it is and what to do about it ''". Science, Technology & Society, University of Wollongong. ]] Use of unofficially and officially recognized or controlled channels has been used as a means of alleviating the state of suppression (and associated existing errors and fallacies), such as Protest ing, Demonstrating , Striking , Civil Disobedience , or other similar actions to attempt to directly enact desired changes themselves. Using formal channels against decisions, using internal procedures, bringing Appeal s to the appropriate Committee or Commission , and launching Legal Action s has also been used to enact desired changes. Proposing legislation, policies, and regulations has been used to help alleviate the situation. If such exist, dissenters have used these to alleviate the situation, also. SEE ALSO NOTES REFERENCES General information
Science and academia
Commentaries, essays, and books
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