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There are several types of 3D audio effects:
STEREO WIDENING Widening of the stereo image can be achieved by manipulating the relationship of the side signal S and the center signal C: . A positive part of the side signal S is now fed into the left channel and a part with its phase inverted to the right channel. Some Boombox es feature such a process. Another way of looking at this same effect, without extrapolating a center and side signal from the left and right signals, is to simply add the left signal, slightly attenuated and phase inverted, into the right channel and vice-versa. Taking this a step further, a small delay (20-100ms) can be added to the inverted signal before mixing it back in to the original for output, adding a slight reverberation to the effect. PLACEMENT OF SOUNDS OUTSIDE THE STEREO BASIS By manipulating parts of the sound according to Psychoacoustic findings in phase and sound, it is possible to create sounds beyond the stereo basis. Effects from QSound Labs have been used on albums from Sting and Madonna in the beginning of the 1990s . Similarly, the pioneering work of researchers (Sibbald et al) at EMI Central Research Labs in England in the 1980s , and later with Sensaura , produced "3D Audio" CDs. COMPLETE 3D POSITIONAL AUDIO the sound with recorded head-related impulse responses.]] The 3D simulation is the most advanced group of 3D audio effects. Using Head-related Transfer Function s and Reverberation , the changes of sound on its way from the source (including reflections from walls and floors) to the listener's ear can be simulated. These effects include localization of sound sources behind, above and below the listener. Some 3D technologies also convert Binaural Recording s to stereo recordings. 3D Positional Audio effects emerged in the 1990s in PC and Game Consoles. Although some of the weaker technologies have problems, especially in playback through speakers, the best technologies work well in all planes, even above or below the listener, through speakers and headphones. A site with animations and theory of a system using HRTF's to create 3D Audio: ISVR Virtual Acoustics . SOME PRODUCTS
3-D AUDIO PRESENTATIONS Some Amusement Park s have created attractions based around the principles of 3-D audio. One example is ''Sounds Dangerous!'' at the Disney-MGM Studios at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida . Guests wear special earphones as they watch a short film starring comedian Drew Carey . At a point in the film, the screen goes dark while 3-D audio effects immerse the guests in the ongoing story. To ensure that the effects are heard properly, the earphone covers are color-coded to indicate how they should be worn. SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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