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solitare.]] Solitaire or '''patience''' is any of a family of single-player Card Game s of a generally similar character, but varying greatly in detail. The games are generally referred to as "patience" in British English and "solitaire" in American . These games typically involve dealing cards from a shuffled deck into a prescribed arrangement on a tabletop, from which the player attempts to reorder the deck by suit and rank through a series of moves transferring cards from one place to another under prescribed restrictions. Some games allow for the reshuffling of the deck(s), and/or the placement of cards into new or 'empty' locations. Solitaire has its own terminology; see Solitaire Terminology . There are many different solitaire games, but the term "solitaire" is often used to refer specifically to the most well-known form, called " Klondike ". Klondike and some other solitaire games have been adapted into two-player competitive games. There are a vast array of variations on the solitaire/patience theme, using either one or more decks of cards, with rules of varying complexity and skill levels. Many of these have been converted to electronic form and are available as Computer Games . Basic forms of Klondike Solitaire and FreeCell come with every current installation of Microsoft Windows , for example, and Windows Me , Windows XP and Windows Vista also include a version of Spider . Many software solitaire collections can be downloaded from the internet at no charge. The term 'solitaire' is also used for single-player games of concentration and skill using a set layout of Tiles , pegs or stones rather than cards. These games include: HISTORY Like the origin of Playing Card s, the origin of solitaire is largely unknown as there are no historical records to support it. Some scholars think these kinds of games are largely French in origin as early English language books about patience games refer to French literature. This can be evidenced by the names of some games written in those English books such as '' La Belle Lucie '', '' Le Cadran '', '' Le Loi Salique '', '' La Nivernaise '' and others. Napoleon was also said to have "played patience" during his exile. Some solitaire games were named after him, such as Napoleon At St. Helena , Napoleon's Square , etc. But whether he played those games or actually invented them is not known. The first collection of solitaire card games in the English language is attributed to Lady Adelaide Cadogan through her ''Illustrated Games of Patience'', published in about in 1870 and reprinted several times. Before this, there was no literature about solitaire, not even in such books as Charles Cotton 's ''The Compleat Gamester'' (1674), Abbé Bellecour 's ''Academie des Jeux'' (1674), and ''Bohn's Handbook of Games'' (1850), all of which are used as reference on card games. Lady Cadogan's book spawned other collections such as ''Patience'' by E. D. Cheney, ''Amusements for Invalids'' by Annie B. Henshaw (1870), and later ''Dick's Games of Patience'', published by Dick And Fitzgerald . Other books about solitaire written towards the end of the 19th century were by H. E. Jones (a.k.a. Cavendish), Angelo Lewis (a.k.a. Professor Hoffman), Basil Dalton , and Ernest Bergholt . There are also literary references to solitaire games. Some of these are:
It is also noted that according to ''Redbook'' Magazine , President Franklin D. Roosevelt was a fan of the solitaire game Spider . In the 1962 movie '' The Manchurian Candidate '', Raymond Shaw is compelled to perform specific actions through a brainwashing trigger, which often includes a game of traditional solitaire and finding the queen of diamonds. In the Finnish TV-series '' Hovimäki '' Aunt Victoria is very fond of playing solitaire. EXAMPLES OF SOLITAIRE CARD GAMES REFERENCE MATERIALS
SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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