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For social exchange theorists, when the costs and benefits are equal in a relationship, then that relationship is defined as equitable. The notion of equity is a core part of social exchange theory. Social exchange theory is tied to Rational Choice Theory and on the other hand to Structuralism , and features many of their main assumptions. HISTORY John Thibaut and Harold Kelley introduced social penetration theory in the 1970’s in the social psychology field. The theory is strongly tied to the Communication field. Questions about the nature of social exchanges naturally arose out of Social Penetration Theory , leading scholars to examine the Motivation s and processes by which relationships grow or dissolve. The examination of social exchange led Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor to develop social exchange theory. The early variations of Social Exchange Theory stem from Alvin Ward Gouldner 's (1960) norm of reciprocity, which simply argues that people ought to return benefits given to them in a relationship. Peter M. Blau built on the work done by George C. Homans in ''Exchange and Power in Social Life'' (1964). Later modifications to this theory focus attention on relational development and maintenance rules (see Murstein et al.) IMPORTANT WORKS American sociologist George Caspar Homans is usually credited with the consolidation of the foundations of Social Exchange Theory. Homans’s article entitled “Social Behavior as Exchange” is viewed as the seminal work on this theory. Works by Richard Emerson, Peter M. Blau , and Karen Cook are also important and often reference Homans, as do many other articles and books on the subject. Another important work is Mark Knapp’s ''Social Intercourse: From Greeting to Goodbye''. In this work, Knapp specifically defines stages of relationship development, including initiation, experimentation and bonding. In addition,Gerald Miller and Mark Steinburg’s book, ''Between People'', added to the theory by noting the differences in the types of information we have about one another: cultural, sociological and psychological (Miller, 2005). CRITIQUES A synopsis of several major objections to or problems with the theory as described by Katherine Miller:
APPLICATIONS Currently, Social Exchange Theory materializes in many different situations with the same idea of the exchange of resources. Homans once summarized the theory by stating: :Social behavior is an exchange of goods, material goods but also non-material ones, such as the symbols of approval or prestige. Persons that give much to others try to get much from them, and persons that get much from others are under pressure to give much to them. This process of influence tends to work out at equilibrium to a balance in the exchanges. For a person in an exchange, what he gives may be a cost to him, just as what he gets may be a reward, and his behavior changes less as the difference of the two, profit, tends to a maximum ("Theories Used in Research"). Other applications that developed include fields such anthropology, as evidenced in an article by Harumi Befu , which discusses cultural and social ideas and norms such as gift-giving and marriage. SEE ALSO
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