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Often a city has large sources of raw water, adequate purification facilities, extensive trunk infrastructure bringing potable water into wards of the urban area, but appropriate user end infrastructure like public taps, w.c.s, and bathing places do not exist. The smallest residential plot allowed by urban planning standards may be too expensive, when priced by current market rates, for intended low income users to purchase. The building regulations may necessitate unaffordable standards of construction. The urban development control rules may add to the expenses which price shelter out of the reach of large urban markets. Social restrictions may act as barriers to ethnic groups, genders and minority communities. Social access is a concern to poverty alleviation and enhancing the living conditions of the urban poor. Social access is central to the Principles of Intelligent Urbanism that espouse social and economic opportunity as one of their basic axioms. REFERENCES 1.^P Spicker, S Alvarez Leguizamon, D Gordon,(eds) 2007, Poverty: an international glossary. 2.^A Glossary for Social Epidemiology Nancy Krieger, PhD, Harvard School of Public Health 3.^H Silver, 1994, social exclusion and social solidarity, in International Labour Review, 133 5-6 4.^G Simmel, The poor, Social Problems 1965 13 5.^P Townsend, 1979, Poverty in the UK, Penguin 6.^Poverty, Growth, and Inequality worldbank.org 7.^George, Abraham, Wharton Business School Publications - Why the Fight Against Poverty is Failing: A Contrarian View 8.^Frank Moulaert, Erik Swyngedouw and Arantxa Rodriguez. The Globalized City: Economic Restructing and Social Polarization in European Cities. Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0199260409 9.^John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, 1971. ISBN 978-0674017726 |
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