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In Chemistry , sigma bonds (σ bonds) are a type of covalent Chemical Bond . Sigma bonding is most clearly defined for diatomic molecules using the language and tools of Symmetry Group s. In this formal approach, a σ-bond is symmetrical with respect to rotation about the bond axis. By this definition, common forms of sigma bonds are s+s, pz+pz, and s+pz, and dz2+dz2 (where z is defined as the bond axis). Quantum theory also indicates that molecular orbitals (MO) of identical symmetry mix. As a practical consequence of mixing in diatomic molecules, the Wavefunction s s+s and pz+pz Molecular Orbital s become blended. The extent of mixing (or blending) depends on the relative energies of the like-symmetry MO's.
Sigma bonds are the strongest type of Covalent Bond s. Electron s in sigma bonds are sometimes referred to as sigma electrons. The symbol σ is the Greek letter for s. When viewed down the bond axis, a σ MO resembles an S Atomic Orbital . SIGMA BONDS IN POLYATOMIC COMPOUNDS The concept of sigma bonding is extended, albeit loosely, to describe bonding interactions involving overlap a single lobe of one Orbital with a single lobe of another. For example, Propane is described as consisting of ten sigma bonds, one each for the two C-C bonds and one each for the eight C-H bonds. The σ bonding in such a polyatomic molecule is highly delocalized, which conflicts with the two-orbital, one-bond concept. Despite this complication, the concept of σ bonding is extremely powerful and hence pervasive. SIGMA BONDS IN MULTIPLY BONDED SPECIES Compounds that feature multiple bonds, such as Ethylene and Chromium(II) Acetate have sigma bonds between the multiply bonded atoms. These sigma bonds are supplemented by π-bonds, e.g. in the case of ethylene, and even δ-bonds, e.g. in the case of chromium(II) acetate. SEE ALSO |
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