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chain store.]] Chain stores (also called '''retail chains''') are a range of Retail outlets which share a Brand and central management, usually with standardized business methods and practices. They are a type of business chain. Such stores may be branches owned by one Company or Franchise s owned by local individuals or Firm s and operated under contract with the parent corporation. Features common to all chains are centralized Marketing and Purchasing , which often result in Economies Of Scale , meaning lower Cost s and presumably higher Profit s. These characteristics also apply to chain restaurants and some service-oriented chain businesses. Some argue that the standardized products which result from such centralization are Culturally detrimental; for example, chain music stores are frowned upon by some for stocking works of more Popular Music if they exclude less well known, usually independent artists. Critics of chains allege that they are economically damaging to communities because they extract capital that otherwise would recirculate in the local economy with independently owned businesses. The displacement of independent businesses by chains has generated controversy in many nations and has sparked increased collaboration among independent businesses and communities to prevent chain proliferation. Such efforts occur within national trade groups such as the promotes community-based economics and independent ownership. New Economics Foundation By 2004, the world's largest retail chain, Wal-Mart , was the world's largest corporation in terms of gross sales. HISTORY Retail chain stores in the United States expanded in the early 1900s, but A&P grocery, Woolworth's and Sears Roebuck had their origins in the late 1800s. In the early 1900s, mail-order companies began taking retail business from local stores, which tended to be expensive and offer limited selection. Department stores also expanded during this period, taking business from small specialty shops. In 1929, North Carolina and Indiana taxed chain stores (defined as a second store owned by a single owner), and other states followed.Thorndike, Joseph J. "Retail Revolt: Chain-Store Taxes in the 1930s" , Tax History Project, September 26, 2006. BUSINESS CHAINS A business chain is a network of physical business locations, which all provide similar services or products, and share a Brand . A Retail Chain is a type of business chain. They inevitably also share some degree of Central Management , Supply Chain s, training programs, personnel, etc. They tend to either be parts of a single company or Franchises , in which individual store owners license the use of the shared brand, training, and know-how. Chains of both main sorts tend to make purchases and licensing agreements as a single entity. Exceptions to these generalizations include Steve's Pizza in New York and EasyPizza in London. Even two stores or restaurants or businesses owned by the same person or group can constitute a local chain. Some large chains -- McDonald's , for instance -- are among the largest retail businesses in the world. RESTAURANT CHAINS chain restaurant.]] A restaurant chain is a set of related Restaurant s, usually with the same name in many different locations either under shared corporate ownership (''e.g.'', In-N-Out Burger s in the U.S.) or Franchising agreements. Typically, the restaurants within a chain are built to a standard format and offer a standard menu. Fast Food restaurants are the most common, but there are also midscale upscale establishments ( Applebee's , T.G.I. Friday's , Ruby Tuesday , Olive Garden etc.). Restaurant chains are often found near Shopping Mall s and tourist areas. The proliferation of chain restaurants (and other chain businesses) is becoming an increasingly controversial trend worldwide. A common concern is nation-wide . REFERENCES SEE ALSO
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