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Rabbinic literature, in the broadest sense, can mean the entire spectrum of Judaism 's Rabbi nic writing/s throughout history. However, the term often used is an exact translation of the Hebrew term '''''Sifrut Hazal''''' (ספרות חז"ל; "Literature our Sages, [of] blessed memory"), where the latter usually refers specifically to literature from the Talmud ic era. The latter, more specific, sense is how the term is normally used in Medieval and modern rabbinic writing (where ''Hazal'' normally refers ''only'' to the sages of the Talmudic era), and in contemporary academic writing (where "rabbinic literature" refers to Talmud , Midrash , and related writings, but hardly ever to later texts, such as those from the medieval and modern periods). The term '''''meforshim''''', or '''''parshanim''''', is also used in modern-day Yeshiva s (Talmudical academies), denoting the " Rabbi nical commentaries" of the "commentators". This article discusses rabbinic literature in both senses. It begins with the classic rabbinic literature of the Talmudic era (''Sifrut Hazal''), and then adds a broad survey of rabbinic writing from later periods. MISHNAIC LITERATURE The Mishnah and the Tosefta (compiled from materials pre-dating the year 200 ) are the earliest extant works of rabbinic literature, expounding and developing Judaism's Oral Law , as well as ethical teachings. Following these came the two Talmud s:
THE MIDRASH Midrash (pl. ''Midrashim'') is a Hebrew word referring to a method of reading details into, or out of, a Biblical text. The term ''midrash'' also can refer to a compilation of Midrashic teachings, in the form of legal, exegetical, homiletical, or narrative writing, often configured as a commentary on the Bible or Mishnah . There are a large number of "classical" Midrashic works spanning a period from Mishnaic to Geonic times, often showing evidence of having been worked and reworked from earlier materials, and frequently coming to us in multiple variants. A compact list of these works on is given below; a more thorough annotated list can be found under Midrash . The timeline below must be approximate because many of these works were composed over a long span of time, borrowing and collating material from earlier versions; their histories are therefore somewhat uncertain and the subject of scholarly debate. In the table, "n.e." designates that the work in question is not extant except in secondary references. LATER WORKS BY CATEGORY Major codes of Jewish law See Also: Halakha
Jewish thought and ethics Jewish Philosophy
Liturgy
LATER WORKS BY HISTORICAL PERIOD Works of the Geonim The Geonim are the rabbis of Sura and Pumbeditha, in Babylon ( 650 - 1250 ) :
Works of the ''Rishonim'' (the "early" rabbinical commentators) The Rishonim are the rabbis of the early medieval period ( 1000 - 1550 )
Works of the ''Acharonim'' (the "later" rabbinical commentators) The Acharonim are the rabbis from 1550 to the present day.
MEFORSHIM ''Meforshim'' is a Hebrew word meaning "(classical rabbinical) commentators" (or roughly meaning " Exegetes "), and is used as a substitute for the correct word perushim which means "commentaries". In Judaism this term refers to commentaries by the commentators on the Torah (five books of Moses), Tanakh , the Mishnah , the Talmud , Responsa , even the Siddur (Jewish prayerbook), and more. Classic Torah and Talmud commentaries Classic Torah and/or Talmud commentaries have been written by the following individuals:
Classical Talmudic commentaries were written by Rashi . After Rashi the Tosafot were written, which was an omnibus commentary on the Talmud by the disciples and descendants of Rashi; this commentary was based on discussions done in the rabbinic academies of Germany and France. Modern Torah commentaries Modern Torah commentaries which have received wide acclaim in the Jewish community include:
Modern Siddur commentaries Modern Siddur commentaries have been written by:
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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