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HISTORY VARIATIONS In the ''full press up'', the back and legs are straight and off the floor. Several variations are seen, besides the common push up. These include bringing the thumbs and index fingers of both hands together (a ''diamond pushup'') as well as having the elbows point towards the knees. These two variations are intended to put greater emphasis on the Triceps rather than the shoulder and chest muscles. When both hands are unbalanced or on uneven surfaces, this exercises also works the body core. Raising the feet or hands onto elevated surfaces during the exercise emphasize the upper and lower pectorals, respectively. One relatively new, but extremely difficult variation is the Guillotine pushup. With hands on elevated points lower the chest, head and neck (thus the name) past the plane of the hands, getting a full stretch of the shoulders, then recover to the starting position. Another extremely difficult variation is to perform a pushup using only hands, without resting the feet on the floor. These are known as planche pushups. To do this variation, the body's center of gravity must be kept over the hands while performing the push up by leaning forward while the legs are elevated in the air, which requires great strength and a high level of balance. Another variation often used as part of Boxing training involves doing the press up while wearing Boxing Gloves . The design of the gloves means that the person doing the press up must do so on their knuckles and without bending their wrists. Hindu press ups Hindu press ups are a form of exercise prevalent in .Bruce Lee and John R. Little (1998). ''The Art of Expressing the Human Body'' pg 58. Tuttle Publishing The simple set of exercises of ''dand-baithak'' (press up and squats) practiced in the villages of India has a beneficial effect on the spine. It takes off the strain from the Spine and makes it fit to fight the other strains on the spine caused by the adoption of an erect posture. Dr. Krishna Murari Modi. ''Cure Aches And Pains Through Osteopathy: Adopting the Correct Posture.'' The American College Of Sports Medicine (2000) recommends using a push up test to examine endurance on the upper-body musculature. For a male subject, assuming a ''dand'' position, with back straight, head up, and hands placed shoulder width apart, lowering his body with his chin touching the mat; the abdomen should not touch the mat.Vivian H. Heyward (2003 ). ''Advanced fitness assessment & exercise prescription'' pg 125. Human Kinetics Less difficult versions There are some less difficult versions, which reduce the effort by supporting some of the body weight in some way. One can move on to the standard press up after progress is made. "Wall press ups" are performed by standing close to a wall and pushing away from the wall with the arms; to increase the difficulty, move your feet further from the wall. "Girl" press ups are performed by supporting the lower body on the knees not the toes. A normal press up causes around 70% of the bodies weight to be placed on the arms, from the knees this lowers to around 50% significantly reducing the amount that needs to be lifted. Over time the muscles of the arm build up strength to the point where they can indeed support up to 70%. The reason for ''girl'' press ups generally being associated with women is that they are often used as a female alternative to normal press up in several military organisations, for example the British RAF . Plyometrics There are also a number of Plyometric versions of the press up that can be performed. The aim of the 'clap press up' is to explosively push the body into the air for enough time to clap the hands together (once, or even more), then bring them back into position to cushion the fall. In another type of plyometric press up, the ''drop push'', two platforms are placed on either side of the trainee. The exercise begins with the hands on either platform supporting the body, then the subject drops to the ground and explosively rebounds with a push up, extending the torso and arms completely off the ground and returning the hands to the platforms. Another is simply an explosive press-up where a person attempts to push quickly and with enough force to raise their hands several centimeters off the ground, with the body completely suspended on the feet for a moment, a variation of the drop push. With press-ups, many possibilities for customization and increased intensity are possible. Some examples are: One hand can be set on a higher platform than the other or be farther away from the other to give more weight to the opposite arm/side of the body and also exercise many diverse muscles. One can perform press ups by using only the tips of the fingers and thumb. This is known by some as "Marine-style". For increased difficulty, press ups can be performed on one arm or using weights. These forms may cause pain or lead to joint damage if performed incorrectly or excessively. NON-TRAINING PURPOSES They are also rather commonly used as a fitness test or as a mild (somewhat embarrassing) Physical Punishment on the spot, to show off physically or as demonstration of submission (as in Hazing , sometimes abusive)(British Army: "beasting"). In a competitive or disciplinary context especially, it is not rare to use 'nastier' variations, e.g. in mud, snow or dirt, divested, and/or to make it physically harder, as by putting one's foot or a weight on the performer's back (possibly with sanctions if equilibrium is lost, such as spilling a glass) or to do the exercise resting on the knuckles or not use all fingers (not counting the thumb). RECORD BREAKERS/ATTEMPTS The World Record for non-stop pushups is 10,507 by Minoru Yoshida of Japan on October, 1980.Recordholders.org. World Records for Push-Ups (Press-Ups) . The Croatian Krunoslav Budiselić is stated as a Guinness World Record holder with 140 pushups in one minute. The world record for most two-handed push back hand ups in one hour is 1781 by Doug Pruden of Canada, 2005Guinnessworldrecords.com, who also holds the world record for most back of hands one hand in one hour(677).http://www.recordholdersrepublic.co.uk Back of hands are a unique push-up exercise, but can lead to injury. They are generally practiced a few at a time and then gradually increased in number over days and weeks. The arms can not necessarily lock at the elbows due to the backwards positioning of the wrist. Most people cannot bend the wrist inwardly at 90 degrees from the arm. Back of hands push-ups with only one arm are also very difficult to do, and are not required in army fitness tests.Recordholders.org World Records for Push ups (Press-ups) FITNESS LEVELS Men's United States Armed Forces Fitness Levels US Army See {Link without Title} US Navy US Air Force See {Link without Title} Women's US Armed Forces Fitness Levels US Army See {Link without Title} US Air Force See {Link without Title} REFERENCES USAF does not use this table, or anything similar. USAF uses a PT points system in which situps, pushups and a mile and a half run are used. There is no minimum, although points towards passing would be considerably affected by a low number of pushups. SEE ALSO SOURCES AND EXTERNAL LINKS
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