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President is a , who sits in leadership (from Latin ''prae-'' "before" + ''sedere'' "to sit"; giving the term '' Praeses ''). Originally, the term referred to the presiding officer of a ceremony or meeting (i.e. Chairman ); but today it most commonly refers to an official with Executive powers. Among other things, president today is a common title for the Head Of State of most Republic s, whether popularly Elected , chosen by the Legislature or a special Electoral College . It is also often adopted by Dictator s. PRESIDENTIAL SYMBOLS As the country's head of state, in most countries the president is entitled to certain symbolic honors, as well as luxury perks that come with the office. For example, most of the world's heads of state, including presidents, have a prestigious residence; often a lavish mansion or palace, sometimes more than one (e.g. summer and winter residence, country retreat) - for a list see Official Residence . Furthermore in some nations the Presidency enjoys certain symbols of office, such as an official uniform, decorations, a presidential seal, coat of arms, flag and other visible accessories; military honours such as Gun Salute s, Ruffles And Flourishes , and a presidential guard. A common presidential symbol is the Presidential Sash es worn by Latin America n presidents as a symbol of the presidency's continuity, and presenting the sash to the new president is a key part of the Inauguration ceremony. MODERN HISTORY OF THE DESIGNATION As an English word, the term was originally used to refer to the presiding officer of a committee or governing body in Great Britain. Later this usage was applied to political leaders, including the leaders of some of the Thirteen Colonies ; in full, the " President Of The Council ".. OED , ''s. v.'' Early examples are from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge (from 1464); the founding President Of The Royal Society William Brouncker in 1660; heads of individual British colonies (originally Virginia in 1608); and chief officers of banks (from 1781). It was adopted as a title for the President Of The United States of America. As other countries followed the American Revolution , and deposed their monarchies, ''president'' was commonly adopted as the title for the new republican heads of state. The first European president was the President Of France , a post created in the Second Republic of 1848. (The First Republic had begun with no separate executive, then established five Directors , and finally echoed the ancient Roman Republic by appointing three Consul s at its head.) SUB-NATIONAL PRESIDENTS President can also be the title of the chief executive at a lower administrative level, such as the Parish President s of the Parish es of the U.S. State of Louisiana , the presiding member of city council for villages in the U.S. State of Illinois , or the Municipal President s of Mexico 's Municipalities . Perhaps the best known sub-national presidents are the Borough President s of the Five Boroughs of New York City . NON-GOVERNMENTAL PRESIDENTS ''President'' is also used as a title in some non-governmental organizations. Judiciary =France In is the most senior judge in France"). Similarly in English legal practice the most senior judge in each division uses this title (e.g. President of the Family Division, President of the Court of Appeal). =Scotland The Lord President Of The Court Of Session is head of the judiciary in Scotland , and presiding judge (and Senator) of the College Of Justice and Court Of Session , as well as being Lord Justice General of Scotland and head of the High Court Of Justiciary , the offices having been combined in 1836. Other The head of a university or non-profit corporation, particularly in the United States of America, is often known as president. In University systems with multiple independent campuses, the relationship between the roles of President and Chancellor can become quite complicated. President is also a title in many corporations. In some cases the president acts as Chief Operating Officer under the direction of the Chief Executive Officer . In British constitutional practice, the chairman of an Executive Council , acting in such a capacity, is known as a President Of The Executive Council . Usually this person is the Governor but is not always so. Many other organizations, clubs, and committees, both political and non-political are led by Presidents as well. Examples can vary from the President of a Political Party , to the president of a Chamber Of Commerce , to the President of a Students' Union and even the president of a High School chess club. In The Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter-day Saints , the head of the church is known as the President . Together with his two counselors, they are known as the First Presidency . This pattern is repeated throughout the church in Quorums and in other bodies, each of which is led by a president. The Methodist Church in the UK (and also other provinces) is led by the President of the Methodist Council, and assumes the role of leading minister and spokesperson. PRESIDENTIAL CHRONOLOGIES OF UNITED NATIONS MEMBER COUNTRIES
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