Information AboutPogrom |
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in Frankfurt, 1819. On the left, two peasant women are assaulting a Jew with pitchfork and broom. On the right, a man wearing spectacles, tails, and a six-button waistcoat, "perhaps a pharmacist or a schoolteacher," POGROMS AGAINST JEWS Before the 19th century There were anti-Semitic riots in Alexandria under Roman rule in 38 CE during the reign of Caligula . Walter Laqueur (2006): ''The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day'', Oxford University Press, p.41 ISBN 0-19-530429-2 Evidence of communal violence against Jews and Christians, who were seen as a Jewish sect, exists dating from the second century CE Rome. These riots were generally precipitated by the Romans because the Jews and early Christians did not conform to the religion of the Romans. Massive violent attacks against Jews date back at least to the Crusades , as well as the Massacres Of Jews At London And York In 1189-1190 . The eleventh century saw Muslim pogroms against Jews in Spain; those occurred in , '' Jewish Encyclopedia ''. 1906 ed. In 1348 , because of the hysteria surrounding the Black Plague , Jews were massacred in Chillon , Basle , Stuttgart , Ulm , Speyer , Dresden , Strasbourg , and Mainz . A large number of the surviving Jews fled to Poland, which was very welcoming to Jews at the time.1 In 1543, Martin Luther wrote '' On The Jews And Their Lies '', a treatise in which he advocated harsh persecution of the Jewish people. Jews were also massacred during the Khmelnytsky Uprising of Ukrainian Cossacks in 1648-1654. In the Russian Empire The term ''pogrom'' as a reference to large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Semitic rioting saw its first use in the 19th Century . Early nineteenth century The first pogrom is often considered to be the , indicate that the first pogrom was the 1859 riots in Odessa. 1881-84 The term "pogrom" became commonly used in English after a large-scale wave of anti-Jewish riots swept through south-western Imperial Russia in 1881 - 1884 . The trigger for these pogroms was the , was indeed Jewish. The fact that the other assassins were all Christians had little impact on the spread of such Anti-Semitic rumors. During these pogroms, which started in '' 1903-06 A much bloodier wave of pogroms broke out in 1903 - 1906 , leaving an estimated 2,000 Jews dead, and many more wounded, as the Jews took to arms to defend their families and property from the attackers. The number of people of other nationalities killed or wounded in these pogroms exceeds Jewish casualties. '' The New York Times '' described the First Kishinev Pogrom of Easter , 1903: ).]] ]] "The anti-Jewish riots in Kishinev , Bessarabia (modern Moldova ), are worse than the censor will permit to publish. There was a well laid-out plan for the general massacre of Jews on the day following the Orthodox Easter. The mob was led by priests, and the general cry, "Kill the Jews," was taken up all over the city. The Jews were taken wholly unaware and were slaughtered like sheep. The dead number 120 the actual number of dead was 47-48Hilary L Rubinstein, Daniel C Cohn-Sherbok, Abraham J Edelheit, William D Rubinstein, ''The Jews in the Modern World'', Oxford University Press, 2002. and the injured about 500. The scenes of horror attending this massacre are beyond description. Babies were literally torn to pieces by the frenzied and bloodthirsty mob. The local police made no attempt to check the reign of terror. At sunset the streets were piled with corpses and wounded. Those who could make their escape fled in terror, and the city is now practically deserted of Jews.""Jewish Massacre Denounced," in ''The New York Times'', April 28, 1903, p.6 Some historians believe that some of the pogroms had been organized''Nicholas II. Life and Death'' by in ''The American Journal of Comparative Law'', Vol. 41, No. 4 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 678-685 Others Even outside of these main outbreaks, pogroms remained common — there were anti-Jewish riots in Odessa in 1859, 1871, 1881, 1886 and 1905 in which hundreds were killed in total. During the Revolution and the Civil Wars in Russia Many pogroms accompanied the , 25% by the Ukrainian Green Army and various Ukrainian Nationalist gangs, 17% by the White Army , especially the forces of Anton Denikin , and 8.5% by the Red Army . Outside of Russia Pogroms spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe, and anti-Jewish riots broke out elsewhere in the world. In 1918 and throughout the Polish-Bolshevik War there were sporadic pogroms in Poland . In 1927, there were pogroms in Oradea , Romania . In the Americas, there was a pogrom in Argentina in 1919, during the Tragic Week . In the Arab world there were a number of pogroms, which played a key role in the Massive Emigration From Arab Countries To Israel . In 1945, anti-Jewish rioters in Tripoli , Libya killed 140 Jews, and the Farhud pogrom in Iraq killed between 200 and 400 Jews. There is also said to have been a Limerick Pogrom , in Ireland in the late 19th century. This pogrom was less violent than the others and, though it involved campaigns of intimidation, it mainly took the form of an economic boycott against Jewish residents of Limerick . During the Holocaust Pogroms were also encouraged by the Nazis, especially early in the war before the larger mass killings began. The first of these pogroms was '' Kristallnacht '' in Nazi Germany , often called '' Pogromnacht '', in which Jewish homes and businesses were destroyed and up to 200 Jews were killed. A number of deadly pogroms occurred during the Holocaust at the hands of non-Germans, for example the in Romania, in which as many as 13,266 Jews were killed by Romanian citizens, police, and military officials. Even after the end of World War II, there were still isolated pogroms, the first one in Poland being the Kraków Pogrom on August 11, 1945. The most notable of the post World War II pogroms was the Polish Kielce Pogrom of 1946 , in which around 40 people lost their lives. The Kielce pogrom was a major factor in the flight of Jews from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War. Influence of pogroms The pogroms of the 1880s caused a worldwide outcry and, along with harsh laws, propelled mass Jewish emigration. Two million Jews fled the Russian Empire between 1880 and 1914, many going to the United Kingdom and United States . In reaction to the pogroms and other oppressions of the Tsarist period, Jews increasingly became politically active. The General Jewish Labor Union , colloquially known as The Bund, and Jewish participation in the Bolshevik movements were directly influenced by the pogroms. Similarly, the organization of Jewish self-defense leagues (which stopped the pogromists in certain areas during the second Kishinev pogrom) such as Hibbat Zion led naturally to a strong embrace of Zionism especially by Russian Jews . MODERN USAGE AND EXAMPLES Other ethnic groups have suffered from similar targeted riots at various times and in different countries. In the view of some historians, the mass attacks on and random killings of Black People during the New York Draft Riots of 1863 can be defined as pogroms, though the word had not yet entered the English language at the time. The same could be said of the Chinese Massacre Of 1871 in Los Angeles, California , and of the killing of Koreans in the wake of the 1923 Great Kantō Earthquake in Tokyo , Japan , after newspapers printed articles saying Koreans were systematically poisoning wells, seemingly confirmed by the widespread observation of wells with cloudy water (a little-known effect after a large earthquake). In the 1955 Istanbul Pogrom , ethnic Greeks were attacked and overwhelmed by a Turkish mob. In the years leading up to the Biafran War , ethnic Igbos and others from southeastern Nigeria were victims of targeted attacks. The term is therefore commonly used in the general context of riots against various ethnic groups. Other examples include the pogroms against ethnic Armenians in Sumgait in 1988 and in Baku , in 1990, both of which occurred in Azerbaijan . The Jakarta Riots Of May 1998 were pogroms targeted against ethnic Chinese in Indonesia. Businesses associated with Chinese were burnt down, women were raped, tortured and killed.http://www.fas.org/irp/world/indonesia/indonesia-1998.htm Indonesia Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1998 Fearing for their lives, many ethnic Chinese, who made up about 3-5% of Indonesia's population, fled the country. A riot that some consider a modern day anti-Semitic pogrom in the United States was the Crown Heights Riot (August 1991) which resulted in the murder of -most notably- Yankel Rosenbaum and also resulted in two other deaths and countless injuries and damage to Jewish property. The October 2000 Events are another example of a modern-day anti-Semitic pogrom, in Israel, with the perpetrators being Israeli Arabs (although Jews are known to have been among the rioters as well). POGROMS IN ARTS & LITERATURE In 1903, Hebrew poet . Elie Wiesel 's '' Trial Of God '' depicts Jews fleeing a pogrom and setting up a fictitious "trial of God" for His negligence in not assisting them against the bloodthirsty mobs. In the end, it turns out that the mysterious stranger who has argued as God's advocate is none other than Lucifer . The experience of a Russian Jew is also depicted in Elie Wiesel 's '' The Testament ''. A pogrom is one of the central events in the play '' Fiddler On The Roof ''. SEE ALSO
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