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Piping , stop Valve s regulate flow to various parts of the building.]] piping System in a Building with Intumescent Firestop being installed by an insulator, Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada .]] Plumbing, from the Latin for Lead (plumbum), is the skilled trade of working with Pipes , Tubing and Plumbing Fixture s for Potable Water systems and the drainage of waste. Plumbing originated during the ancient civilizations such as the Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they developed public baths and needed to provide Potable Water , and drainage of wastes. A ''' Plumber ''' is someone who installs or repairs Piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as Water Heater s. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy due to the need for clean water, and proper collection and transport of wastes.''Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization'', Modern Marvels video series, The History Channel, AAE-42223, A&E Television, 1996 Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution of potable water and the removal of waterborne wastes. Plumbing is usually distinguished from water and Sewage Systems , in that a plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems serve a group of buildings or a city. Much of the plumbing work in populated areas (cities, towns, etc...) is regulated by government or quasi-government agencies due to the direct impact on the public's health, safety, and welfare. Plumbing installation and repair work on residences and other buildings generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe, quality construction to future buyers. If permits are required for work, plumbing contractors typically secure them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners. Materials Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of Clay , Lead or stone. Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are now made of copper''Copper Tube Handbook'', the Copper Development Association, New York, USA, 2006, brass, plastic, steel, or other nontoxic material. Present-day drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead. Lead is not used in modern water-supply piping due to its toxicity.''Uniform Plumbing Code'', IAPMO''International Plumbing Code'', ICC The 'straight' sections of plumbing systems are of pipe or '''tube'''. A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, where tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as 'soldering', 'compression fitting', 'crimping', or for plastics, 'solvent welding'. FITTINGS AND VALVES In addition to the straight pipe or tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. The Piping And Plumbing Fittings and Valve s articles discuss them further. FIXTURES Plumbing Fixture s are the devices installed for the end-users. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, Bathtub s, lavatories, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, eyewashes, floor drains, garbage disposers, and hosebibbs. EQUIPMENT Plumbing equipment, not present in all systems, include, for example, water meters, Pump s, expansion tanks, backflow preventers, filters, water softeners, Water Heater s, Heat Exchangers , gauges, and control systems. SYSTEMS The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:
For their environmental benefit and sizable energy savings Hot Water Heat Recycling units are growing in use throughout the residential building sectors. Further ecological concern has seen increasing interest in Gray-water recovery and treatment systems. FIRESTOPPING installation in mechanical service penetration in 2 Hour Rated Concrete floor.]] Firestop ping is required where mechanical Penetrant s traverse Fire-resistance Rated wall and floor assemblies, or membranes thereof. This work is usually done worldwide by the insulation trade and/or specialty firestop sub-contractors. HISTORY Improvement in plumbing systems was very slow, with virtually no progress made from the time of the Roman system of Aqueduct s and Lead Pipe s until the 19th century. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and Cesspools . MANUFACTURERS SEE ALSO
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