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Plastic surgery is a medical that uses a number of Surgical and nonsurgical techniques to change the appearance and function of a person's body.1 Plastic surgery procedures include both cosmetic enhancements as well as functionally reconstructive operations. In the former case, where aesthetics are considered more important than functionality, plastic surgery is sometimes referred to as ''cosmetic surgery''. Most procedures involve both aesthetic and functional elements. The word "plastic" derives from the Greek ''plastikos'' meaning to mold or to shape; its use here is not connected with the synthetic polymer material known as Plastic . Plastic surgeons typically mold and reshape the following tissues of the body: bone, cartilage, muscle, fat, and skin. INTRODUCTION The basic goals of Plastic Surgery include the following:
During Plastic Surgery the following procedures are common:
The benefits of Plastic Surgery include:
HISTORY The history of plastic surgery reaches back to the 700's BCE. Physicians in Ancient India including Sushruta were utilizing Skin Graft s for reconstructive work as early as the 8th Century BC . In his work Sushruta Samhita describes Rhinoplasty and Otoplasty . This knowledge of plastic surgery existed in India up to the late 18th century as can be seen from the reports published in ''Gentleman's Magazine'' (October 1794).23 The Romans were able to perform simple techniques such as repairing damaged ears from around the class="copylinks">1st Century BC . In Mid-[[15th Century Europe, Heinrich Von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th Centuries that such surgery became commonplace. Up until the techniques of anesthesia became established, all surgery on healthy tissues involved great pain. Infection from surgery was reduced once sterile technique and disinfectants were introduced. The invention and use of antibiotics beginning with sulfa drugs and penicillin was another step in making Elective Surgery possible. Chopart in 1791 performed operative procedure of a lip using a flap from the neck. Joseph Carpue in 1814 successfully performed operative procedure in a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments.Carl Von Graefe the German surgeon in 1818 published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik. Carl Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.In 1845 Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty , entitled "Operative Chirurgie". He introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. In 1891 John Roe, an American otorhinolaryngologist presented an example of his work, a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892 Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896 James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and In 1989 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898 Jacques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty . In 1928 Jacques Joseph published "Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik". {Link without Title} The U.S.'s first plastic surgeon was Dr. John Peter Mettauer . He performed the first Cleft Palate operation in 1827 with instruments that he designed himself. The New Zealander Sir Harold Gillies developed many of the techniques of modern plastic surgery in caring for those who suffered facial injuries in World War I , he is considered to be the father of modern plastic surgery. His work was expanded upon during World War II by one of his former students and cousin, Archibald McIndoe , who pioneered treatments for RAF aircrew suffering from severe burns. McIndoe's radical, experimental treatments, lead to the formation of the Guinea Pig Club . TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES Common techniques used in plastic surgery are:
In plastic surgery the transfer of skin tissue (skin grafting) is one of the most common procedures. (In traditional surgery a “graft” is a piece of living tissue, organ, etc., that is transplanted.
Usually, good results are expected from plastic surgery that emphasizes:
RECONSTRUCTIVE PLASTIC SURGERY Reconstructive Plastic Surgery is performed to correct severe functional impairments caused by:
Common reconstructive surgical procedures are: defects after removal of tumors in the head and neck region. Plastic surgeons developed the use of Microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available. Tissue Flaps comprised of skin, muscle, bone, fat or a combination, may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1-2 mm in diameter. COSMETIC SURGERY Cosmetic surgery is a very popular form of plastic surgery. As an example, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons reported that in 2006 nearly 11 million cosmetic plastic surgeries were performed in the United States alone. 2006: Nearly 11 Million Cosmetic Surgeries in U.S. . March 22 , 2007 . Within the U.S,. critics of plastic surgery note that it is legal for any as the subspecialty dedicated to the surgical repair of defects of form or function -- this includes cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery, as well as reconstructive surgery. The term "cosmetic surgery" however, refers to surgery that is designed to improve cosmetics, or appearance. In several countries including Australia, many doctors who are not qualified as surgeons also perform cosmetic procedures.4 The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures are listed below. Most of these types of surgery are more commonly known by their "common names." These are also listed when pertinent.
In recent years, a growing number of patients seeking cosmetic surgery have visited other countries to find doctors with lower costs. These Medical Tourists get their procedures done for up 50 percent or more cost savings, in countries including Cuba, Thailand, Argentina and India.The risk of complications and the lack of after surgery support are often overlooked by those simply looking for the cheapest option. PLASTIC SURGERY SUB-SPECIALITIES Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. Plastic surgery training and approval by the American Board Of Plastic Surgery includes mastery of the following as well:
RELATED DISCIPLINES Plastic surgery overlaps with other medical specialties that are distinct specialties certified by the American Board Of Medical Specialties , including Otolaryngology and Ophthalmology . These sub-specialties require separate sub-specialty fellowship training after complete speciality residency training:
FURTHER READING REFERENCES SEE ALSO
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