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The two main themes in physical organic chemistry are structure and reactivity. The study of structure starts from Chemical Bonding , with special emphasis on the stability of organic molecules due to factors such as Steric Strain and Aromaticity . Other topics in structure include Stereochemistry and Conformational Analysis . Supramolecular structure is also considered in terms of Intermolecular Forces including Hydrogen Bonding . Finally, the Acid-base Chemistry of the molecules is studied in terms of structure, based on Resonance and Inductive effects and through the use of Linear Free-energy Relations . The study of reactivity focuses on the , Elimination , Substitution , and Pericyclic Reaction s. The mechanisms are commonly expressed in terms of " Electron Pushing " and Potential Energy Surface s. Another major topic is Photochemistry , the effect of light on the reactivity of organic molecules. Structure and reactivity are both involved in the study of Reaction Intermediate s—the transient species involved in reaction mechanisms. The main types of intermediates of interest are Carbocation s, Carbanion s, Free Radical s, and Carbene s. Usually, these intermediates are not isolated, but their presence is be inferred from stereochemical evidence, spectroscopy, or through the use of Chemical Trap s. In some cases, however, it is possible to isolate these types of molecules at very low temperatures ( Cryochemistry ) or Matrix Isolation . It is also possible to create specific Derivatives that are stabilized through chemical means such as resonance, as in the case of the Triphenylmethyl Radical . REFERENCES |
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