Phonetics has three main branches:
There are over a hundred different phones recognized as distinctive by the International Phonetic Association (IPA) and transcribed in their International Phonetic Alphabet .
Phonetics was studied as early as 2,500 years ago in Ancient India , with account of the place and manner of articulation of consonants in his 5th Century BCE treatise on Sanskrit . The major Indic Alphabets today, except Tamil Script , order their consonants according to classification.
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- Catford, J. C. (1977). ''Fundamental problems in phonetics''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32520-X.
- Clark, John; & Yallop, Colin. (1995). ''An introduction to phonetics and phonology'' (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19452-5.
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- Hardcastle, William J.; & Laver, John (Eds.). (1997). ''The handbook of phonetic sciences''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-18848-7.
- Ladefoged, Peter . (1982). ''A course in phonetics'' (2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
- Ladefoged, Peter. (2003). ''Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques''. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-23269-9 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-23270-2 (pbk).
- Ladefoged, Peter; & Maddieson, Ian. (1996). ''The sounds of the world's languages''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19815-6 (pbk).
- Maddieson, Ian . (1984). ''Patterns of sounds''. Cambridge studies in speech science and communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Laver, J. (1994).''Principles of Phonetics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). ''Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Pisoni, David B.; & Remez, Robert E. (Eds.). (2004). ''The handbook of speech perception''. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22927-2.
- Rogers, Henry. (2000). ''The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics''. Harlow, Essex: Pearson. ISBN 0-582-38182-7.
- Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). ''Acoustic phonetics''. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19404-X.
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