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HISTORY Considered under the rubric of the Greek term ''techne'' (art, or craft knowledge), the philosophy of technology goes to the very roots of Western philosophy. In his '' Republic '', Plato sees Techne as the basis for the philosophers' proper rule in the city. In the Nicomachean Ethics (Book 6), Aristotle describes ''techne'' as one of the four ways that we can know about the world. The Stoics argued that virtue is a kind of ''techne'' based upon a proper understanding of the universe. 20th century development Whereas 19th Century philosophers such as Karl Marx were philosophically interested in tools and techniques, the most prominent 20th century philosophers to directly address modern technology were John Dewey and Martin Heidegger . Both saw technology as central to modern life, although (to speak roughly) Dewey was optimistic about the role of technology, Heidegger pessimistic. Dewey's work on technology was dispersed throughout his corpus, while Heidegger's major work on technology may be found in '' The Question Concerning Technology ''. In the 1960's, ''. Contemporary philosophy Major contemporary philosophers of technology include Jean Baudrillard , Albert Borgmann , Andrew Feenberg , Donna Haraway , Larry Hickman , Don Ihde , Paul Levinson , Carl Mitcham , Gilbert Simondon , and Bernard Stiegler . While a number of important individual works were published in the second half of the twentieth century, Paul Durbin has identified two books published at the turn of the century as marking the development of the philosophy of technology as an academic subdiscipline with canonical texts. These were ''Technology and the Good Life'' (2000), edited by Eric Higgs and ''American Philosophy of Technology'' (2001) by Hans Achterhuis . Techné Vol 7 No 1 SEE ALSO
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