Information AboutPharmacy |
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, an internationally recognized symbol to represent the pharmacy profession]] Pharmacy (from the Greek ''φάρμακον'' = drug) is the Health Profession that links the Health Science s with the Chemical Science s, and it is charged with ensuring the safe use of Medication . The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dispensing medications on the orders of physicians, and it also includes more modern services related to Patient Care , including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacist s, therefore, are experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes. DISCIPLINES casanatensis (XIV century)]] The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided into three primary disciplines: The boundaries between these disciplines and with other sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always clear-cut; and often, collaborative teams from various disciplines research together. Pharmacology is sometimes considered a fourth discipline of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Therefore it is usually considered to be a field of the broader Science s. There are various specialties of pharmacy practice. Specialization in pharmacy practice is typically based on the place of practice or practice roles including: community, hospital, Clinical Pharmacy , Consultant , Locum , drug information, regulatory affairs, industry, and academia. Other specializations in pharmacy practice recognized by the certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice. The American Board Of Applied Toxicology certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology. PHARMACISTS See Also: Pharmacist Pharmacist s are highly-trained and skilled healthcare professionals who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients. Many pharmacists are also Small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. Pharmacists are represented internationally by the .'' In some cases, the representative body is also the registering body, which is responsible for the to separate the two roles. TYPES OF PHARMACY PRACTICE SETTINGS AND ROLES Community pharmacy A pharmacy (commonly the '''chemist''' in Australia , New Zealand and the UK ; or '''drugstore''' in North America ; or Apothecary , historically) is the place where most pharmacists practice the profession of pharmacy. It is the community pharmacy where the dichotomy of the profession exists—health professionals who are also retailers. Community pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront with a dispensary where medications are stored and dispensed. The dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, ''etc.'', specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications; there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained Pharmacy Technician s while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients. All pharmacies are required to have a pharmacist on-duty at all times when open. In many jurisdictions, it is also a requirement that the owner of a pharmacy must be a registered pharmacist (R.Ph.). This latter requirement has been revoked in many jurisdictions, such that many Retailer s (including Supermarket s and Mass Merchandiser s) now include a pharmacy as a department of their store. Likewise, many pharmacies are now rather grocery store-like in their design. In addition to medicines and prescriptions, many now sell a diverse arrangement of additional household items such as Cosmetics , Shampoo , Bandages , Office Supplies , Candy , and Snack Foods . Hospital pharmacy See Also: Hospital pharmacy Pharmacies within Hospitals differ considerably from community pharmacies. Some pharmacists in hospital pharmacies may have more complex clinical medication management issues whereas pharmacists in community pharmacies often have more complex business and customer relations issues. Because of the complexity of medications including specific indications, effectiveness of treatment regimens, safety of medications (i.e., drug interactions) and patient compliance issues ( in the hospital and at home) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy. For example, there are pharmacists who specialize in haematology/oncology, HIV/AIDS, infectious disease, critical care, Emergency Medicine , toxicology, nuclear pharmacy, pain management, psychiatry, anticoagulation clinics, Herbal Medicine , neurology/epilepsy management, paediatrics, neonatal pharmacists and more. Hospital pharmacies can usually be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously. This is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel, Quality Assurance of products, and adequate facilities. Some hospital pharmacies have decided to Outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding. Clinical pharmacy See Also: Clinical pharmacy s and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with Physician s and other healthcare professionals. Compounding pharmacy See Also: Compounding Compounding is the practice of preparing drugs in new forms. For example, if a drug manufacturer only provides a drug as a tablet, a compounding pharmacist might make a medicated Lollipop that contains the drug. Patients who have difficulty swallowing the tablet may prefer to suck the medicated lollipop instead. Compounding pharmacies specialize in compounding, although many also dispense the same non-compounded drugs that patients can obtain from community pharmacies. Consultant pharmacy See Also: Consultant pharmacist Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in , Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica ). This trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services. Internet pharmacy See Also: Online pharmacy Since about the year 2000, a growing number of Internet pharmacies have been established worldwide. Many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies, and in fact, many of them are actually operated by Brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door. The primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received. Some customers consider this to be more convenient and private method rather than traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take. Internet pharmacies (also known as Online Pharmacies) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are homebound. While most Internet pharmacies sell Prescription Drug s and require a valid prescription, some Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous, especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There also have been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products. Of course as history has shown, substandard products can be dispensed by both Internet and Community pharmacies, so it is best that the Buyer Beware . Canada is home to dozens of licensed Internet pharmacies, many which sell their lower-cost prescription drugs to U.S. consumers, who pay the world's highest drug prices. However, there are Internet pharmacies in many other countries including Israel, Fiji and the UK that serve customers worldwide. In the United States , there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. While in most cases importation of prescription medications violates Food And Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers. There is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription, who has ever been charged by authorities. Nuclear pharmacy See Also: Nuclear pharmacy Nuclear pharmacy focuses on preparing radioactive materials for diagnostic tests and for treating certain diseases. Nuclear pharmacists undergo additional training specific to handling radioactive materials, and unlike in community and hospital pharmacies, nuclear pharmacists typically do not interact directly with patients. ISSUES IN PHARMACY Separation of prescribing from dispensing In most jurisdictions (such as the United States ), Pharmacist s are regulated separately from Physician s. Specifically, the legislation stipulates that the practice of prescribing must be separate from the practice of dispensing. These jurisdictions also usually specify that ''only'' pharmacists may supply scheduled Pharmaceutical s to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business Partnership s with physicians or give them "kickback" payments. However, the American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere. 7 to 10 percent of American physician practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own.American Association of State Compensation Insurance Funds, Prepackaged Drugs in Workers' Compensation In other Jurisdiction s (particularly in Asian countries such as China , Hong Kong , Malaysia , and Singapore ), Doctor s are allowed to dispense Drug s themselves and the Practice of pharmacy is sometimes integrated with that of the Physician , particularly in traditional Chinese Medicine . In Canada it is common for a medical clinic and a pharmacy to be located together and for the ownership in both enterprises to be common, but licensed separately. The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have Side-effects . A campaign for separation has begun in many countries and has already been successful (like in Korea ). As many of the remaining nations move towards separation, resistance and lobbying from dispensing doctors who have pecuniary interests may prove a major stumbling block (e.g. in Malaysia ). The future of pharmacy In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists will be paid for their patient care skills.American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Evidence of the Economic Benefit of Clinical Pharmacy Services: 1996–2000 This paradigm shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in (Pharm.D.) degree is now required before entering practice and many pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency training following graduation. In addition, Consultant Pharmacist s, who traditionally operated primarily in Nursing Home s are now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of "senior care pharmacy." American Society Of Consultant Pharmacists , What is a Senior Care Pharmacist? REFERENCES SEE ALSO
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to promote and expand their role in public health and patient care in Pakistan
SYMBOLS The two in France and the United Kingdom , the increasingly-rare Gaper in The Netherlands , and a red stylized letter A in Germany and Austria (from ''Apotheke'', the German word for pharmacy, from the same Greek root as the English word 'apothecary'). |
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