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Pedophilia or '''pædophilia''' (see and DSM IV , which are standard medical diagnosis manuals, currently describe pedophilia as a Paraphilia and mental disorder of adults or older youths, if it causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The term ''pedophile'' is also used colloquially to denote an adult who is Sexually Attracted To Adolescents or youths below the local Age Of Consent ,Ames, A. & Houston, D. A. (1990). "Legal, social, and biological definitions of pedophilia." ''Archives of Sexual Behavior''. 19 (4), 333-342. as well as those accused or convicted of Child Sexual Abuse or Child Pornography related offences. DEFINITIONS The word comes from the ),Liddell, H.G., and Scott, Robert (1959). ''Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon''. ISBN 0-19-910206-6. or vice versa.Anonymous (probably Geigel, Alois. 1869) ''Das Paradoxon der Venus Urania'' ("The paradox of man-manly love"), p. 6. Reprinted as a complete facsimile in Hohmann, Joachim S. (1977). ''Der unterdrückte Sexus'' ("Historical oppression of sexuality"). ISBN 3879587124 . The anonymous 1869 author had harshly rejected the theories of early LGBT activist Karl Heinrich Ulrichs whose "filthy pederasty" he contrasted with chaste, "sublime paedophilia" basing both definitions on the classical meaning ''boy'' for ''παις'' instead of the non-classical meaning ''child'', and ''εραστια'' ("erastia") as pure "sexual desire", contrasted with more sublime ''φιλία''. The classic spelling with ''ae'' or ''æ'' is preferable, because ''pedophilia'' looked on etymologically means attractance to the ground (πέδον). It should not be confused with '' Podophilia '' either, which is attraction to the feet (πούς > octopus / ποδός / πηδόν > pedal). It is correctly pronounced using the "ped" as in "pediatrician," not as in "pedestrian" (as the original spelling contained an æ, which is pronounced as a long e)" The term ''paedophilia erotica'' was coined in 1886 by the Vienna psychiatrist Richard Von Krafft-Ebing in his writing '' Psychopathia Sexualis ''.Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1886). ''Psychopathia Sexualis''. English translation: ISBN 1-55970-425-X. He gave the following characteristics:
As people who have this interest would include many adolescents and prepubescents, some experts who theorise that minor-attraction is more common among youth, specify that the interest must be toward pre-pubescent youths at least five years younger than the subject. Adults sexually attracted to pre-pubescent youths were placed into three categories by Krafft-Ebing:
Other researchers used their own terms for the Krafft-Ebing categories:
This three-type model as well as the fundamental mental and behavioural differences of the three types were empirically evidenced, among others, by Kinsey; Howells 1981;Howells, K. (1981). "Adult sexual interest in children: Considerations relevant to theories of aetiology," ''Adult sexual interest in children'', 55-94. Abel, Mittleman & Becker 1985;Abel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., & Becker, J. V. (1985). "Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment." In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, & C. D. Webster (Eds.), ''Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior (pp. 207-220). Toronto, Canada: M & M Graphics''. Knight ''et al.'' 1985;Knight, R.; Rosenberg, R.; Schneider, B. (1985). "Classification of sex offenders: Perspectives, methods, and validation" In A. W. Burgess (Ed.) ''Rape and sexual assault: A research handbook'' (pp. 222-293). New York: Garland. Brongersma 1990;Edward Brongersma (1990): "Boy-Lovers and Their Influence on Boys: Distorted Research and Anecdotal Observations" In ''Journal of Homosexuality'' 20 - 1/2 McConaghy 1993;McConaghy, Nathaniel (1993). "Sexual Behaviour: Problems and Management", 312, New York: Plenum Ward ''et al.'' 1995;Ward, T., Hudson, S. M., Marshall, W. L., & Siegert, R. J. (1995). "Attachment style and intimacy deficits in sexual offenders: A theoretical framework." In ''Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment'', 7, 317-334. Hoffmann 1996;Hoffmann, R. (1996). "Die Lebenswelt des Pädophilen: Rahmen, Rituale und Dramaturgie der pädophilen Begegnung" (''Paedophile conduct: Context, rituals, and choreography of paedophile contacts''). Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag Seikowski 1999.Seikowski, K. (1999). "Pädophilie: Definition, Abgrenzung und Entwicklungsbedingungen" ("Paedophilia: Definition, distinguishing features, and aetiology") In ''Sexualmedizin'' 21, pp. 327-332 The term ''pedophile'' is commonly used to describe all child sexual offenders, including those who do not meet the clinical diagnosis standards. This use is seen as problematic by some people,Edwards, M. (1997) "Treatment for Paedophiles; Treatment for Sex Offenders." ''Paedophile Policy and Prevention, Australian Institute of Criminology Research and Public Policy Series'' (12), 74-75.Underwager, Ralph and Wakefield, Hollida (1995). " Special Problems with Sexual Abuse Cases : Assessment of the Accused Adult ." In J. Ziskin (Ed.) ''Coping With Psychiatric and Psychological Testimony'' (Fifth Edition). Los Angeles: Law and Psychology Press. pp. 1315-1370. ISBN 1-879689-07-3Feierman, J. (1990). "Introduction" and "A Biosocial Overview," ''Pedophilia: Biosocial Dimensions'', 1-68. Some researchers, such as Howard E. Barbaree,Barbaree, H. E., and Seto, M. C. (1997). Pedophilia: Assessment and Treatment. ''Sexual Deviance: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment''. 175-193. have endorsed the use of actions as a sole criterion for the diagnosis of pedophilia as a means of taxonomic simplification, rebuking the American Psychiatric Association 's standards as "unsatisfactory". Child sexual abuse, whether perpetrated by a clinically diagnosed pedophile or a situational offender, is illegal in most jurisdictions. Some psychologists,Musk, H., and Swetz, A. (1997). "Pedophilia in the correctional system," ''Corrections Today'', 59(5), 24–28. "Pedophilia is a sexual orientation characterized by sexual attraction to children."Jones, G. (1990). "The Study of Intergenerational Intimacy in North America: Beyond Politics and Pedophilia," ''Journal of Homosexuality'', 20(1-2), 288. "Intergenerational attraction on the part of some adults could constitute a lifestyle 'orientation', rather than a pathological maladjustment." such as Dr. Fred S. Berlin, assert sexual attraction to pre-pubescent youths to be a Sexual Orientation in itself.Edwards, Douglas J. (2004). '' Mental Health's Cold Shoulder Treatment of Pedophilia '' in Behavioral Health Management, May-June.Berlin, Fred (2000). "Treatments to Change Sexual Orientation," ''American Journal of Psychiatry'', Vol 157. In one article, Berlin writes "it is likely that no one would choose voluntarily to develop a pedophilic sexual orientation. Those with such an orientation have no more decided to have it than have any of us decided as children to be either heterosexual or homosexual."1 Berlin also defends the classification of pedophilia as a mental disorder, however, stating "In our society, to have a pedophilic sexual orientation can create both psychological burdens and impairments." DIAGNOSIS The '' International Statistical Classification Of Diseases And Related Health Problems '' (F65.4) defines pedophilia as "a sexual preference for children, boys or girls or both, usually of prepubertal or early pubertal age."World Health Organization, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10. § F65.4 The APA 's '' Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders '' 4th edition, Text Revision gives the following as its "Diagnostic criteria for 302.2 Pedophilia":American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition text revision), § 302.2
The APA diagnostic criteria do not require actual sexual activity with a pre-pubescent youths. The diagnosis can therefore be made based on the presence of ''fantasies'' or ''sexual urges'' alone, provided the subject meets the remaining criteria. "For individuals in late adolescence with Pedophilia, no precise age difference is specified, and clinical judgment must be used." (p. 527 DSM ). American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition) EXTENT OF OCCURRENCE The extent to which pedophilia occurs is not known with any certainty. Historically, sexual contacts between older pre-pubescents and adults were relatively common and accepted in many places, including the United States and England, where the legal age of consent typically ranged from 7 to 12 years until the end of the 19th century http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/BIB/pedophilia.htm#1 http://listlva.lib.va.us/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0703&L=VA-HIST&P=47352. Some studies have concluded that at least a quarter of all adult men may have some feelings of sexual arousal in connection with pre-pubescent youths.Freund, K. and Costell, R. (1970). "The structure of erotic preference in the nondeviant male." Behaviour Research & Therapy 8 (1), 15-20. Quinsey, V. L. et al. (1975). "Penile circumference, skin conductance, and ranking responses of child molesters and 'normals' to sexual and nonsexual visual stimuli." Behavior Therapy. 6, 213-219.) One study found that professionals failed to report approximately 40% of the child sexual abuse cases they encountered.Keuhnle, K., Assessing Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse, Professional Resources Press, Sarastota, FL, 1996. Occurrence in child sex offenders A perpetrator of can have non-sexual reasons. Child sexual abuse alone may or may not be an indicator that its perpetrator is a pedophile; however, regardless of cause, sexual contact with pre-pubescent youths is evidence of pedophilia according to the DSM-IV definition. Some research indicates that most perpetrators of child sexual abuse are not primarily interested in pre-pubescent youths.Lanning, Kenneth (2001). '' Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis '' (Third Edition). National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. In two studies designed to measure sexual preferences using phallometric data, it was found that "''30% of the sex offenders tested did not show sufficient arousal children to derive a usable score.''" Wogan, Michael (2002). '' Michael (2002) Sociology professor Rüdiger Lautmann, stated in his book on pedophilia that, "In this book I am concerned exclusively with the first type [the true pedophile who "has a general interest in social contact with children, including a sexual dimension" , which constitutes approximately 5% of all pedosexually active men."Rüdiger Lautmann [''http://www.shfri.net/trans/lautmann/lautmann.htm''] Rüdiger Lautmann A survey of cases of father-daughter Incest concluded that most involve fathers who are situational offenders, rather than pedophiles.Quinsey, V. L. (1977). "The assessment and treatment of child molesters: A review." ''Canadian Psychological Review.'' 18, 204-220. As noted by Abel, Mittleman, and BeckerAbel, G. G., Mittleman, M. S., & Becker, J. V. (1985). "Sex offenders: Results of assessment and recommendations for treatment." In M. H. Ben-Aron, S. J. Hucker, & C. D. Webster (Eds.), ''Clinical criminology: The assessment and treatment of criminal behavior'' (pp. 207-220). Toronto, Canada: M & M Graphics. (1985) and Ward ''et al.'' (1995), there are generally large distinctions between the two types of offenders' characteristics. Situational offenders tend to offend at times of stress; have a later onset of offending; have fewer, often familial victims; and have a general preference for adult partners. Pedophilic offenders, however, often start offending at an early age; often have a large number of victims who are frequently extrafamilial; are more inwardly driven to offend; and have values or beliefs that strongly support an offense lifestyle. Attempts have been made to use Criminal Profiling to identify pedophiles, however, these methods have come under criticism for making claims that are in excess of what the evidence supports.Campbell, Terence W., The Reliability and Validity of Gardner's Indicators of Pedophilia. Issues in Child Abuse Accusations (5), online at http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume5/j5_3_4.htm''' TREATMENT A number of proposed treatment techniques for pedophilia have been developed. In 1981, writer David Crawford reported that the success rate of these therapies was very low.Crawford, David (1981). "Treatment approaches with pedophiles." ''Adult sexual interest in children''. 181-217. Crawford's article did not address the use of Depo-Provera , today the most common drug used to decrease libido in sex offenders. Dr. Fred Berlin, founder of the Johns Hopkins Sexual Disorders Clinic, believes pedophilia can "indeed be successfully treated," if only the medical community would give it more attention. Medical therapies Anti-androgenic medications such as Depo Provera may be used to lower testosterone levels, and are often used in conjunction with the non-medical approaches above. (This is commonly referred to as " Chemical Castration .") Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Analogue s, which last longer and have less side effects, are also effective in reducing libido and may be used.Cohen, L.J. & Galynker, I. I. (2002). Clinical features of pedophilia and implications for treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 8, 276-289. Other programs induce an association of illegal behavior with pain by means of the more controversial ; that is to say, extremely low.Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association (1987). "Aversion therapy," Journal of the American Medical Association, 258(18), 2562-2565. This method is rarely used on pedophiles who have not offended. Convicted sex offenders, including many pedophiles, have been treated by the psychosurgical procedure commonly known as Lobotomization . Psychosurgery has long been controversial, particularly the historical use of surgical intervention on homosexuals given that homosexuality is no longer considered a mental illness by the psychiatric community (see for instance Rieber ''et al.'' 1976;Rieber, I. ''et al.'' (1976). "Stellungnahme zu stereotaktischen Hirnoperationen an Menschen mit abweichendem Sexualverhalten" (''Statement on stereotactical brain surgery performed on people exhibiting deviant sexual behaviour''), ''Monatsschrift Kriminologie'' ("Criminological monthly"), no. 59, pp. 216-222. Sigusch 1977;Sigusch, V. (1977). "Medizinische Experimente am Menschen: Das Beispiel Psychochirurgie; Beiwerk des Jahrbuchs für kritische Medizin, Bd. 2" (''Medical experiments in human: Example neurosurgery; supplement of the Annual of Critical Medicine, vol. 2''). Rieber & Sigusch 1979;Rieber, I. & Sigusch, V. (1979). "Psychosurgery on sex offenders and sexual 'deviants' in West Germany", ''Archives of Sexual Behaviour'', no. 8, pp 523-527 Schorsch & Schmidt 1979)Schorsch, E & Schmidt, G. (1979). "Hypatholomie bei sexuellen Abweichungen - Eine Kritik aus sexualwissenschaftlicher Sicht" (''Hypothalamotomy in cases of sexual deviance: A criticism from a sexuological perspective'') Lobotomization is generally no longer practiced and is prohibited in a number of countries. Thalamotomy is an alternative surgical treatment of sex offenders in practice since the problems with leucotomy have been commonly known (see Greist 1990;Greist, J. H. (1990). "Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: Psychotherapies, drugs, and other somatic treatment", ''Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, no. 5 (Suppl.), 44-50. Diering & Bell 1991;Diering, S. L. & Bell, W. O. (1991). "Functional neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders: A historical perspective", ''Stereotactical Functional Neurosurgery'', no. 57, 175-194.' Hay & Sachdev 1992;Hay, P. J. & Sachdev, P. S. (1992). "The present status of psychosurgery in Australia and New Zealand", ''Medical Journal of Australia'', no. 157, 17-19 Rappaport 1992;Rappaport, Z. H. (1992). "Psychosurgery in the modern era: Therapeutic and ethical aspects", ''Medical Law'', no. 11, 449-453 de la Porte 1993;Porte, C. de la (1993). "Technial possibilities and limitations of stereotaxy", ''Acta Neurochirurgica'', no. 124, 3-6 Poynton 1993;Poynton, A. M. (1993). "Current state of psychosurgery", ''British Journal of Hospital Medicine'', no. 40, 408-411 Bridges ''et al.'' 1994;Bridges, P. K. ''et al'' (1994). "Psychosurgery: Stereotactic subcaudate tractomy. An indispensable treatment", ''British Journal of Psychiatry'', no. 165, 599-611 Cummings ''et al.'' 1995)Cummings, S. ''et al.'' (1995). "Neuropsychological outcome from psychosurgery for obsessive-compulsive disorder", ''Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry'', no. 29, 33-39 and is increasingly advertised as an "effective therapy" for sex offenders (as well as for some children suffering from symptoms of child sexual abuse, since the 1980s (see for instance Andy 1970;Andy, O. J. (1970). "Thalamotomy in hyperactive and aggressive behaviour", ''Conf. Neurol.'', no. 32, 322-325 Bradford 1988a;Bradford, J. M. W. (1988). "Organic treatment for the male sexual offender", Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., no. 528, 193-202 Wyre & Swift 1991;Wyre, R. & Swift, A. (1991): " 'Und bist du nicht willig...': Die Täter" (''"Don't fight it...": Sexual offenders''), Köln/Germany: Volksblattverlag Abel ''et al.'' 1992;Abel. G. G. ''et al.'' (1992). "Current treatments of paraphiliacs", Ann. Rev. Sex. Res., no. 3, 255-290 Bridges ''et al.'' 1994; Cummings ''et al.'' 1995). As Levey and Curfman have noted, however, given the availability of psychopharmacological treatment options, psychosurgical interventions are not likely to be employed given their extreme side effects and irreversible nature. See the same article for an in depth review of treatment options and diagnostic criteria. Additionally Reid 2002 writes that neurosurgery for sex offenders is "essentially unavailable" in the United States and that data on its use is sparse.Reid (2002). "Sexual Predator Evaluations and Commitments", Journal of Psychiatric Practice Vol. 8, No. 5 Klaus M. Beier of the Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine at Charité , a large university hospital in Berlin, Germany , reported success in a preliminary study using Role-play therapy and medicine. According to researchers, the pedophiles were better able to control their urges once they understood the pre-pubescent youth's view.http://www.eux.tv/article.aspx?articleId=8937http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2570472,00.html RELATED TERMS
PEDOPHILIA-RELATED ACTIVISM ::Main articles: '' Pro-pedophile Activism '' and '' Anti-pedophile Activism '' SEE ALSO
NOTES AND REFERENCES Notes References
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