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The subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire were Administrative Division s of the State Organisation Of The Ottoman Empire based on military administration but with civil executive functions as well. Outside this system were various types of Vassal And Tributary States . There were two main eras of administrative organisation. The first was the initial organisation that evolved with the rise of the Empire and the second was the organisation after extensive administrative reforms of 1864. INITIAL ORGANIZATION The initial organization dates back to the Ottoman beginnings as a Seljuk vassal state (''Uç Beyliği'') in central Anatolia . The Ottoman Empire over the years became an amalgamation of pre-existing Polities , the Anatolian Beyliks , brought under the sway of the ruling House Of Osman . This extension was based on an already established administrative structure of the Seljuk system in which the hereditary rulers of these territories were known as '' Bey s''. These beys (local leadership), which were not eliminated, continued to rule under the Suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan s. The term bey came to be applied not only to these former rulers but also to new governors appointed where the local leadership had been eliminated. The Ottoman Empire was, at first, subdivided into the sovereign’s '' Sanjak '' and other sanjaks entrusted to the Ottoman Sultan ’s sons. Sanjaks were governed by ''sanjak beyis'', military governors who received a flag or standard – a "sanjak" (the literal meaning) – from the sultan. As the Empire expanded into Europe , the need for an intermediate level of administration arose and, under the rule of Murad I (r. 1359 - 1389 ), a ''beylerbeyi'' or governor-general was appointed to oversee Rumelia , the European part of the empire. About the same time a ''beylerbeylik'' was also established for Anatolia , excluding however the Rum area around Amasya , then the seat of the Empire, which remained under the sultan’s direct control (usually through his Grand Vizier ). Following the establishment of beylerbeyliks, sanjaks became second-order administrative divisions, although they continued to be of the first order in certain circumstances such as newly conquered areas that had yet to be assigned a beylerbeyi. In addition to their duties as governors-general, beylerbeyis were the commanders of all troops in their province. First-order administrative units Eyalets in 1299-1609 From the mid- 14th Century until the late 16th Century , only one new beylerbeylik ( Karaman ) was established. Eyalets disappeared before 1609 The eyalets that existed before 1609 but disappeared and eyalets created after 1609.
Eyalets in 1609 , 1481 - 1683 ]] Conquests of Selim I and Suleyman I in the 17th Century required an increase in administrative units. By the end of the latter half of the century there were as many as 42 ''eyalets'', as the beylerbeyliks came to be known. The chart below shows the administrative situation as of 1609 . Sources:
Eyalets established 1609–1683
Eyalets established 1683–1864 Second-order administrative units The provinces were divided into Sanjak s (also called ''livas'') governed by ''sanjakbeys'' and were further subdivided into '' Timar s'' (fiefs held by '' Timariots '') and ''zeamets'' (also ''ziam''; larger timars). Some, such as the Mutasarrifate (Sanjak) Of Jerusalem , were not part of a province. Sanjak governors also served as military commanders of all of the timariot and zeamet-holding Cavalry men in their sanjak. Some provinces such as Egypt, Baghdad, Abyssinia, and Al-Hasa (the Salyane provinces) were not subdivided into sanjaks and timars. ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM, 1864 As the Ottoman Empire began to decline, the administrative structure came under pressure. After 1861 there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian Mutasarrif , which had been created as a homeland for the Maronite Christian s under Europe an pressure. As part of the Tanzimat reforms, an Ottoman law passed in 1864 provided for a standard provincial administration throughout the empire with the eyalets becoming smaller '' Vilayets '' governed by a '' Wali '' or governor still appointed by the Porte but with new provincial assemblies participating in administration. The vilayets were subdivided into Sanjaks , Mutasarrifates and vassal states such as Serbia , Romania , and Montenegro remained separate from the provincial system. Vilayets, 1877 :Western
:Anatolia
:Eastern
Vilayets, 1915 After 1885, with the governing reforms of Tanzimat , the control of the Ottoman land in Asia Minor divided into 15 Vilayet s, one Sanjak and one mutersaflik of the vilayet of Constantinople (both being on the Asiatic side of the Bosporus ). Every vilayet was further divided in a number of sanjaks. More specifically the political division of Asia Minor in 1915 was as follows; :Western
:Anatolia
:Eastern
Also the Vilayets, 1918 :Western
:Anatolia
:Eastern
SEE ALSO
REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
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