Information AboutOud |
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.]] The oud ( ''ʿūd''; ''Kaban''; used in traditional Middle Eastern Music and East African music. NAME The words "lute" and "oud" are both derived from Arabic العود (''al-ʿūd'', literally "the wood") though recent research by Eckhard Neubauer suggests that ''ʿūd'' may simply be an Arabized version of the Persian name ''rud'', which meant string, stringed instrument, or lute. Gianfranco Lotti suggests that the "wood" appellation originally carried derogatory connotations, because of proscriptions of all instrumental music in early Islam. The prefix ''al-'' (meaning "the") in ''al-ʿūd'' was discarded by the Turks who then transformed the word ''ʿūd'' (consisting of the Arabic Letters '' ʿayn ''-'' Wāw ''-'' Dāl '') into ''ud'' because the sound represented by the Arabic letter ''ʿayn'' is not present in the Turkish language. The oud was most likely introduced to Western Europe by the Arabs who established the Umayyad Caliphate of Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula beginning in the year 711 AD. Oud-like instruments such as the Ancient Greek Pandoura and the Roman Pandura likely made their way to the Iberian Peninsula much earlier than the oud. However, it was the royal houses of Al-Andalus that cultivated the environment which raised the level of oud playing to greater heights and boosted the popularity of the instrument. The most famous oud player of Al-Andalus was Zyriab . He established the first music conservatory in Spain, enhanced playing technique and added a fifth Course to the instrument. The European verison of this instrument came to be known as the lute - 'luth'' in French, ''laute'' in German, ''liuto'' in Italian, ''luit'' in Dutch, (all beginning with the letter "L") and ''alaud'' in Spanish. The word " Luthier " meaning stringed instrument maker is also derived from the French ''luth''. Unlike the oud the Europen lute utilized frets (usually tied gut). HISTORY According to Farabi , the oud was invented by Lamech , the sixth grandson of Adam . The legend tells that the grieving Lamech hung the body of his dead son from a tree. The first oud was inspired by the shape of his son's bleached skeleton. The oldest pictorial record of a lute dates back to the Uruk Period in Southern Mesopotamia - Iraq -Nasria City Nowadays , over 5000 years ago on a cylinder seal acquired by Dr. Dominique Collon and currently housed at the British Museum. The image depicts a female crouching with her instruments upon a boat, playing right-handed. This instrument appears many times throughout Mesopotamian history and again in ancient Egypt from the 18th dynasty onwards in long and short-neck varieties. One may see such examples at the Metropolitan Museums of New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and the British Museum on clay tablets and papyrus paper. This instrument and its close relatives have been a part of the music of each of the ancient civilizations that have existed in the Mediterranean and the Middle East regions, including the Sumerians , Akkadians , Persians , Babylonians , Assyrians , Greeks , Egyptians , and Romans . The ancient Turkic Peoples had a similar instrument called the '' Kopuz ''. This instrument was thought to have magical powers and was brought to wars and used in military bands. This is noted in the Göktürk monument inscriptions, the military band was later used by other Turkic state's armies and later by Europeans.Fuad Köprülü, ''Türk Edebiyatında İlk Mutasavvıflar'' (First Sufis in Turkish Literature), Ankara University Press, Ankara 1966, pp. 207, 209.; Gazimihal; Mahmud Ragıb, ''Ülkelerde Kopuz ve Tezeneli Sazlarımız'', Ankara University Press, Ankara 1975, p. 64.; ''Musiki Sözlüğü'' (Dictionary of Music), M.E.B. İstanbul 1961, pp. 138, 259, 260.; Curt Sachs, ''The History of Musical Instruments'', New York 1940, p. 252. According to Musicolog Çinuçen Tanrıkorur today's oud was derived from the kopuz by Turks near Central Asia and additional strings were added by them.http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detay.php?id=15164 Today's oud is totally different than the old proto-types and the Turkish oud is different than Arabic oud in playing style and shape. In Greece and Armenia musicians especially use the Turkish ouds and tunings. DEFINING FEATURES
REGIONAL TYPES musician with an oud, 1915 .]]The following are the general regional characteristics of oud types in which both the shape and the tuning most commonly differ:
Although the Greek instruments Laouto and Lavta appear to look much like an oud, they are very different in playing style and origin, deriving from Byzantine lutes. The Laouto is mainly a chordal instrument, with occasional melodic use in Cretan music. Both are always fretted (unlike the oud). PLECTRUM (PICK) The Plectrum (pick) for the oud is usually a little more than the length of an index-finger. Arabic players refer to it as a ''reeshe'' or ''risha'', while Turkish players refer to it as a ''mızrap.'' Traditionally it is made from an eagle's feather or tortoise shell, however, plastic picks are much more commonly found today, and are considered just as effective and much cheaper. Oud players take the quality of their plectrums very seriously, often making their own out of other plastic objects, and taking great care to Sand down any sharp edges in order to achieve the best sound possible. OUD TUNINGS There are many different tuning options for the oud. All tunings are presented from the lowest course/single string to the highest course. The following tunings are from Lark in the Morning and Oud Cafe : Arabic oud tunings
Turkish oud ("ud") and Cümbüş tunings
LIST OF FAMOUS OUD PLAYERS In Iran :
In United Kingdom
In United States
of Armenian descent: Canada In Turkey : In Iraq : '''In Morocco :' In Palestine : In Tunisia : In Lebanon : In Syria : In Greece : In Kuwait : Others: LIST OF FAMOUS OUD MAKERS NOTE SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS |
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