| Orthography |
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Orthography describes or defines the set of symbols ( Grapheme s and Diacritic s) used, and the rules about how to write these symbols. Depending on the nature of the writing system, the rules may include Punctuation , Spelling and Capitalization . While "orthography" Colloquial ly is often used Synonym ously with Spelling , spelling is only part of orthography. EFFICIENCY An orthography may be described as 'efficient' if it has one Grapheme per Phoneme (distinctive speech sound) and ''vice versa''. An orthography may also have varying degrees of efficiency for reading or writing. For example, diverse letter, Digraph , and diacritic shapes contribute to diverse word shapes, which aid fluent reading, while heavy use of apostrophes or diacritics makes writing slow, and the use of symbols not found on standard keyboards makes computer or cell phone input awkward. These are all considerations in the design of a writing system. TYPOLOGY OF SPELLING SYSTEMS Phonemic orthography A Phonemic Orthography is an orthography that has a dedicated symbol or sequence of symbols for each Phoneme (distinctive speech sound) and ''vice versa''. Most alphabetic scripts are fairly close to being phonemic, though English is a notorious exception. Morpho-phonemic orthography A Morpho-phonemic orthography considers not only what is phonemic, as above, but also the underlying structure of the words. For example, in Engish, /s/ and /z/ are distinct sounds, so in a purely phonemic orthography the plurals of ''cat'' and ''dog'' would be ''cats'' and ''dog'''z'''''. However, English orthography recognizes that the /s/ sound in ''cats'' and the /z/ sound in ''dogs'' are the same element, which is automatically pronounced differently depending on its environment, and therefor writes them the same despite their differing pronunciation. German and Russian are morpho-phonemic in this sense, whereas Turkish is purely phonemic. Korean Hangul has changed over the centuries from a highly phonemic to a largely morpho-phonemic orthography, and there are moves in Turkey to make that script more morpho-phonemic as well. Defectiveness A ' Defective ' orthography is one that does not represent all the sounds of a language, such as Italian , English or Arabic . COMPLEX ORTHOGRAPHY Complex orthographies often combine different types of scripts and/or utilize many different complex punctuation rules. Some widely accepted examples of languages with complex orthographies include Thai , Japanese , and Khmer . SEE ALSO
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