Information AboutOrthogenetic |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT ORTHOGENESIS | |
| history of evolutionary biology | |
|
Many sources mix this heterodox view of . The distinction can be seen when we recognize that orthogenesis is inherent in the theories of German Biologist Ernst Haeckel and American Paleontologist Richard Swann Lull . Both scientists proposed mechanisms whereby evolution proceeded in unilinear fashion, but neither saw goals (instead they made pseudo-scientific appeals to unknown genetic driving processes). Noticing this is important, because similar flaws recurrently resurface at the fringes of science (typically taking the form of new, mysterious molecular drives that supposedly are pushing phenotypic evolution in certain directions or forcing the formation of new species). The orthogenesis hypothesis had a significant following in the '', W. W. Norton , 1977, ISBN 0393064255 Autogenesis is a specific version of orthogenesis which also incorporates Spontaneous Generation , the refuted hypothesis that each species is created by its own Abiogenesis or Special Creation event. COLLAPSE OF THE HYPOTHESIS The orthogenesis hypothesis began to collapse when it became clear that it could not explain the patterns found by Paleontologists in the Fossil Record , which was non-linear with many complications. The hypothesis was generally abandoned when no mechanism could be found that would account for the process, and the theory of evolution by natural selection became the prevailing theory of evolution. The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis , in which the Genetic mechanisms of evolution were discovered, refuted the hypothesis for good. As more was understood about these mechanisms it became obvious that there was no possible naturalistic way in which the newly discovered mechanism of Heredity could be far-sighted or have a memory of past trends. The orthogenetic hypothesis, however, died hard. Even Darwin was at first not opposed to orthogenic thinking, as this quote from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica demonstrates:
A few hung on to the orthogenesis hypothesis as late as the 1950s by claiming that the processes of Macroevolution , the long term trends in evolution, were distinct from the processes of Microevolution ( Genetic Variation and Natural Selection ) which were by then well understood and it was known they could not behave in an orthogenetic manner. Teilhard De Chardin , a Jesuit paleontologist, in '' The Phenomenon Of Man '' (a book influential among non-scientists that was published four years after his death in 1959 ) argued for evolution aiming for the " Omega Point ", while putting man at the center of the Universe and accounting for Original Sin (Dennett 1995, von Kitzing 1998). This form of orthogenesis has now also been abandoned as more about evolutionary processes has been discovered (Wilkins 1997). The refutation of orthogenesis had some ramifications in the field of Philosophy , as it refuted the idea of teleology as first postulated by Aristotle and accepted by Immanuel Kant , who had greatly influenced many scientists. Before the scientific and philosophical revolution that began with Charles Darwin 's ideas, the prevailing philosophy was that the world was teleological and purposeful, and that science was the study of God 's Creation . The refutation of these concepts have led to a shift in what science and scientists are perceived to be. MODERN CO-OPTED USAGE Though teleological linear evolution has been refuted, it is not true that evolution never proceeds in a linear way, reinforcing characteristics, in certain lineages at times, for example, during a period of slow, sustained environmental change, but such examples are entirely consistent with the modern neo-Darwinian theory of evolution. These examples have sometimes been referred to as orthogenetic (e.g. by Jacobs ''et al'' 1995 & Woodley 2006) but are not strictly orthogenetic, and simply appear as linear and constant changes because of environmental and molecular constraints on the direction of change. SEE ALSO REFERENCES SOURCES # Bateson, William , 1909. Heredity and variation in modern lights, in ''Darwin and Modern Science'' (A.C. Seward ed.). Cambridge University Press. Chapter V. E-book . # Dennett, Daniel , 1995. '' Darwin's Dangerous Idea ''. Simon & Schuster. # Huxley, Julian , 1942. '' The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis '', London: George Allen and Unwin. # Jacobs, Susan C., Allan Larson & James M. Cheverud, 1995. Phylogenetic Relationships and Orthogenetic Evolution of Coat Color Among Tamarins (Genus Saguinus). ''Syst. Biol.'' 44(4):515--532, Abstract . # Mayr, Ernst , 2002. '' What Evolution Is '', London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. # Simpson, George G. , 1957. '' Life Of The Past : Introduction to Paleontology''. Yale University Press, p.119. # Wilkins, John, 1997. What is macroevolution?. ''Talk Origins archive'' {Link without Title} (14:08 UTC , Oct 13 2004) # Woodley, Michael A., 2006. ''The Limits of Ecology: New Perspectives from a Theoretical Borderland.'' Abramis Academic Press. |
|
|