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An important concept in check valves is the cracking pressure which is the minimum upstream Pressure at which the valve will operate. Typically the check valve is designed for and can therefore be specified for a specific cracking pressure. Heart Valve s are essentially inlet and outlet check valves for the Heart Ventricle s, since the ventricles act as a pump. TYPES OF CHECK VALVES A Ball check valve is a check valve in which the disc, the movable part to block the flow, is a spherical ball. In many ball check valves, the ball is Spring -loaded to stay shut, but also many do not have a spring inside. The interior surface of the seats of ball check valves are more or less conically-tapered to guide the ball into the seat and/or form a positive seal when stopping reverse flow. Ball check valves are often very small, simple, and cheap (although some are expensive). They are commonly used in liquid or gel mini-pump dispenser spigots, spray devices, some rubber bulbs for pumping air, etc., manual air pumps and some other Pump s, and refillable dispensing syringes. Although the balls are most often made of metal, they can be made of other materials, or in some specialized cases out of artificial Ruby . High pressure HPLC Pump s and similar applications commonly use small inlet and outlet ball check valves with balls made of artificial ruby and seats made of artificial Sapphire , both for hardness and chemical resistance. After prolonged use, such check valves can eventually wear out or the seat can develop a crack, requiring replacement. Therefore, such valves are made to be replaceable, sometimes placed in a small plastic body tightly-fitted inside a metal Fitting which can withstand high pressure and which is screwed into the pump head. There are similar check valves where the disc is not a ball, but some other shape. Ball check valves should not be confused with Ball Valve s, which is a different type of valve in which a ball acts as a controllable rotor to stop or direct flow. There are check valves where the pressure on the upstream side must be greater than the pressure on the downstream side by a certain amount, the pressure differential, for the check valve to open allowing flow. A swing check valve is a check valve in which the disc, the movable part to block the flow, swings on a hinge or Trunnion , either onto the seat to block reverse flow or off the seat to allow forward flow. The seat opening cross-section may be perpendicular to the centerline between the two ports or at an angle. Although swing check valves can come in various sizes, large check valves are often swing check valves. .]] A clapper valve is a type of check valve used in or with Firefighting , and has a hinged gate (often with a spring urging it shut) that will only remain open in the outflowing direction. A stop-check valve is a check valve with override control to stop flow regardless of flow direction or pressure. When the valve is open, it acts as a check valve, but the valve can be deliberately shut to stop flow. A lift-check valve is a check valve in which the disc, sometimes called a ''lift'', can be lifted up off its seat by higher pressure of inlet or upstream fluid to allow flow to the outlet or downstream side. A guide keeps motion of the disc on a vertical line, so the valve can later reseat properly. When the pressure is no longer higher, gravity or higher downstream pressure will cause the disc to lower onto its seat, shutting the valve to stop reverse flow. A Double Check Valve is often used as a Backflow Prevention Device to keep potentially contaminated water from Siphon ing back into Municipal water Supply Line s. There are also ''double ball check valves'' in which there are two ball/seat combinations sequentially in the same body to ensure positive leak-tight shutoff when blocking reverse flow; and piston check valves, wafer check valves, and ball-and-cone check valves. APPLICATIONS Check valves are often used with some types of pumps. Piston-driven and diaphragm pumps such as Metering Pump s and pumps for Chromatography commonly use inlet and outlet ball check valves. These valves often look like small cylinders attached to the pump head on the inlet and outlet lines. Many similar pump-like mechanisms for moving volumes of fluids around use check valves such as ball check valves. Check valves are used in many fluid systems such as those in Chemical , and Power Plant s, and in many other industrial processes. Check valves are also often used when multiple gases are mixed into one gas stream. A check valve is installed on each of the individual gas streams to prevent mixing of the gases in the original source. For example, if a fuel and an oxidizer are to be mixed, then check valves will normally be used on both the fuel and oxidizer sources to ensure that the original gas cylinders remain pure and therefore nonflammable. Some types of Irrigation Sprinkler s and Drip Irrigation Emitter s have small check valves built into them to keep the lines from draining when the system is shut off. HISTORY Frank P. Cotter developed a "simple self seating check valve, adapted to be connected in the pipe connections without requiring special fittings and which may be readily opened for inspection or repair" 1907 ( U.S. Patent #865,631). Nikola Tesla invented a deceptively simple one-way valve for fluids in 1920 (U.S. patent #1,329,559). SEE ALSO
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