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Pipeline transport is a transportation of goods through a Pipe . Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but Pneumatic Tube s that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used. As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore Sewage , Slurry , Water , or even Beer pipelines exist; but arguably the most important are those transporting Oil and Natural Gas . Often these pipelines are inspected and cleaned using Pipeline Inspection Gauge s ("pigs"). Pipeline cleaners are also known as "Go-devils" {Link without Title} OIL AND NATURAL GAS PIPELINES launcher/receiver, belonging to the natural gas pipeline in Switzerland.]] There is some argument as to when the first real oil pipeline was constructed. Some say pipeline transport was pioneered by Vladimir Shukhov and the Branobel company in the late 19th century. Others say oil pipelines originated when the Oil Transport Association first constructed a 2-inch wrought iron pipeline over a 6-mile track from an oil field to Pennsylvania to a rail road station in Oil Creek, in the 1860s. No matter, piplines are generally the most economical way to transport large quantities of Oil or Natural Gas over land. Compared to Railroad , they have lower cost per unit and also higher capacity. Although pipelines can be built even under the sea, that process is both economically and technically very demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by Tanker ships. Oil pipelines are made from . This interface is removed from the pipeline at receiving facilities and segregated to prevent contamination. Crude oil contains varying amounts of wax, or Paraffin , and in colder climates wax buildup may occur within a pipeline. To clear wax deposition, Mechanical Pigs may be sent along the line periodically. For natural gas, smaller feeder lines are used to distribute the fuel to homes and businesses downstream of larger transportation pipelines, similarly constructed of carbon steel and varying in size from 12 inches in diameter to 48 inches in diameter. The gas is pressurized by compressor stations spaced approximately every 70–100 miles and is odorless unless mixed with a Mercaptan Odorant where identified by the proper regulating body. In the U.S. pipelines are regulated by the Pipeline And Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA); offshore pipelines are regulated by the Minerals Management Service (MMS). In Canada pipelines are regulated by either the provincial regulators or, if they cross provincial boundaries or the Canada/US border, by the National Energy Board (NEB). Government regulations in Canada and the United States require that buried fuel pipelines must be protected from Corrosion . Often, the most economical method of corrosion control is by use of pipeline Coating in conjunction with Cathodic Protection and technology to monitor the pipeline. Accidents Pipelines conveying flammable or explosive material such as natural gas or oil pose special safety concerns. For a more complete list see Pipeline Accidents
Some oil/gas pipelines
Map of pipelines in Europe: {Link without Title} Some oil/gas pipeline companies
Biobutanol
PIPELINES FOR OTHER LIQUIDS Water pipelines in Antelope Valley .]] See Also: Aqueduct Two millennia ago the s and living quarters of the capital city as the water lifted by the chain pumps were brought in by a Stoneware Pipe system.Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 345-346. Pipelines are useful for Transporting Water for Drinking or Irrigation over long distances when it needs to move over Hill s, or where Canal s or Channels are poor choices due to considerations of Evaporation , Pollution , or environmental impact. The 530km(360 mile) 2006. Example significant water pipelines in ) pipelines. There are two Los Angeles , California Aqueduct s, the '' First Los Angeles Aqueduct '' (completed 1913 ) and the ''Second Los Angeles Aqueduct'' (completed 1970 ) which also include extensive use of pipelines. Beverage pipelines Brine pipelines The town of Hallstatt in Austria claims to contain "the oldest industrial pipeline in the world", dating back to 1595 .1 It was constructed from 13,000 trunks to transport the saline solution for 40 kilometers from Hallstatt to Ebensee .See the article Hallstatt for details and references. Beer pipelines Bars in the Veltins-Arena , a major Football ground in Gelsenkirchen , Germany , are interconnected by a 5 Km long beer pipeline. It is the favourite method for distributing beer in such large stadiums, because the bars have to overcome big differences between demands during various stages of a match; this allows them to be supplied by a central tank. PIPELINES AS TARGETS Pipelines can be the target of Vandalism , Sabotage , or even Terrorist Attack s. In war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks, as destruction of pipelines can seriously disrupt enemy Logistics . SEE ALSO
REFERENCES Oil and Gas Pipelines in NonTechnical Language, T. Miesner and W. Leffler, PennWell Corporation, 2006. Purchase from this link {Link without Title} EXTERNAL LINKS |
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