| Oceanography |
Shopping Oceanography |
Website Links For Oceanography |
Information AboutOceanography |
|
Oceanography (from , Chemistry , Geology , Meteorology , and Physics . SUB-CATEGORIES The study of oceanography may be divided into a number of branches:
These branches reflect the fact that many oceanographers are first trained in the Magazine; by Peter D. Ward; 8 Page(s) HISTORY Early exploration of the oceans was limited to its surfaces and the few creatures that fishermen brought up in nets, but when Louis Antoine De Bougainville and James Cook carried out their explorations in the South Pacific , the seas themselves formed part of the reports. James Rennell wrote the first scientific textbooks about currents in the Atlantic and Indian oceans during the late 18th and at the beginning of 19th century. Sir James Clark Ross took the first modern sounding in deep sea in 1840 , and Charles Darwin published a paper on Reef s and the formation of Atoll s. The steep slope beyond the Continental Shelves was not discovered until 1849. Matthew Fontaine Maury 's ''Physical Geography of the Sea'', 1855 was the first textbook of oceanography. The first successful laying of Transatlantic Telegraph Cable in August 1858 confirmed the presence of an underwater "telegraphic plateau" Mid-ocean Ridge . After the middle of the 19th century, scientific societies were processing a flood of new terrestrial botanical and zoological information. European natural historians began to sense the lack of more than anecdotal knowledge of the oceans. In 1871, Under the recommendations of the Royal Society of London, the British government sponsored an expedition to explore world's oceans and conduct scientific investigations. With that, oceanography began as a quantifiable Science in 1872 , when the Scots Charles Wyville Thompson and Sir John Murray launched the Challenger Expedition (1872–1876). Other Europe an and American nations also sent out scientific expeditions (as did private individuals and institutions). The four-month 1910 North Atlantic expedition headed by Sir John Murray and Johan Hjort was at that time the most ambitious research oceanographic and marine zoological project ever, and led to the classic 1912 book ''The Depths of the Ocean''. Oceanographic institutes dedicated to the study of oceanography were founded. In the . In Australia , CSIRO Marine And Atmospheric Research , known as CMAR, is a leading center. The first international organization of oceanography was created in 1902 as the International Council For The Exploration Of The Sea . In 1921 Monaco formed the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB). Then in 1966 , the U.S. Congress created a ''National Council for Marine Resources and Engineering Development''. NOAA was in charge of exploring and studying all aspects of Oceanography. It also enabled the National Science Foundation to award Sea Grant College funding to multi-disciplinary researchers in the field of oceanography. OCEAN AND ATMOSPHERE CONNECTIONS The study of the oceans is intimately linked to understanding Global Warming and related Biosphere concerns. MAJOR OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRAMS International Canada France
Germany
India U.K.
USA
REFERENCES SEE ALSO
Related disciplines EXTERNAL LINKS
FURTHER READING
|
|
|