Information AboutNucleotide |
| CATEGORIES ABOUT NUCLEOTIDE | |
| nucleic acids | |
| nucleotides | |
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Nucleotides are the structural units of RNA , DNA , and several cofactors - CoA , Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide , Flavin Mononucleotide , Adenosine Triphosphate and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate . In the Cell they have important roles in Metabolism and signaling. Nucleotides Deoxynucleotides SYNTHESIS ''Salvage synthesis'' refers to the reuse of parts of Nucleotides in resynthesizing new nucleotides. Salvage synthesis requires both breakdown and synthesis reactions in order to exchange the useful parts. Natural Purine ribonucleotides By using a variety of isotopically labeled compounds it was demonstrated that the sources of the atoms in purines are as follows: The De Novo Synthesis of purine nucleotides by which these precursors are incorporated into the purine ring, proceeds by a 10 step pathway to the branch point intermediate IMP, the nucleotide of the base Hypoxanthine . AMP and GMP are subsequently synthesized from this intermediate via separate, two step each, pathways. Thus purine Moieties are initially formed as part of the ribonucleotides rather than as Free Bases . Six enzymes take part in IMP synthesis. Three of them are multifunctional: Reaction 1. The pathway starts with the formation of PRPP . PRPS1 is the enzyme that activates R5P , which is primarily formed by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway , to PRPP by reacting it with ATP . The reaction is unusual in that a pyrophosphoryl group is directly transferred from ATP to C1 of R5P and that the product has the '''α''' configuration about C1. This reaction is also shared with the pathways for the synthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides, Trp , and His . As a result of being on (a) such (a) major metabolic crossroad and the use of energy, this reaction is highly regulated. Reaction 2. In the first reaction unique to purine nucleotide biosynthesis, PPAT catalyzes the displacement of PRPP's pyrophosphate group (PPi) by Gln's amide nitrogen. The reaction occurs with the inversion of configuration about ribose C1, thereby forming '''β'''- 5-phosphorybosylamine (5-PRA) and establishing the anomeric form of the future nucleotide. This reaction which is driven to completion by the subsequent hydrolysis of the released PPi, is the pathway's flux generating step and is therefore regulated too. Reaction 3. Pyrimidine ribonucleotides SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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