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This diagram demonstrates the Defense In Depth strategy of design of modern Nuclear Power Plants . Current plants may have some or all of these defenses, the defenses vary depending on the type of plant, the nation constructing them, the use (civilian, military, naval vessels) and the age. ''1st layer'' of defense is the inert, Ceramic quality of the Uranium Oxide itself. ''2nd layer'' is the air tight Zirconium alloy of the Fuel Rod . ''3rd layer'' is the Reactor Pressure Vessel made of steel more than a dozen centimeters thick. ''4th layer'' is the pressure resistant, air tight Containment Building . ''5th layer'' is the Reactor Building or in newer powerplants a second outer containment building.]] Nuclear safety covers the actions taken to prevent Nuclear And Radiation Accidents or to limit their consequences. This covers Nuclear Power Plants as well as all other nuclear facilities, the transportation of nuclear materials, the use and storage of nuclear materials for medical, power, industry, and military uses. In addition, there are safety issues involved in products created with radioactive materials. Some of the products are legacy ones (such as Watch Faces ), others, like Smoke Detectors , are still being produced. Nuclear Weapon safety, as well as the safety of military research involving nuclear materials, is generally handled by separate agencies than civilian safety, for various reasons, including secrecy. Agencies Many nations utilizing Nuclear Power have special institutions overseeing and regulating nuclear safety. Internationally the International Atomic Energy Agency "works for the safe, secure and peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology." Civilian Nuclear Safety In The U.S. is regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The safety of nuclear plants and materials controlled by the U.S. government for research, weapons production, and those powering naval vessels, is not governed by the NRC. About NRC , U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission , Retrieved 2007-6-1 Our Governing Legislation , U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission , Retrieved 2007-6-1 In the UK nuclear safety is regulated by the Nuclear Installations Inspectorate (NII) and the Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator (DNSR). Key concepts
Concerns
Risk assessment
The AP1000 has a maximum core damage frequency of 5.09 x 10-7 per plant per year. The European Pressurized Reactor (EPR) has a maximum core damage frequency of 4 x 10-7 per plant per year. [http://web.mit.edu/erc/docs/scourse/28.FridayPM.Buongiorno.pdf] General Electric has recalculated maximum core damage frequencies per year per plant for its nuclear power plant designs: [http://www.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2006-1-3.pdf Next-generation nuclear energy: The ESBWR] :BWR/4 -- 1 x 10-5 :BWR/6 -- 1 x 10-6 : ABWR -- 2 x 10-7 : ESBWR -- 3 x 10-8 Enforcement organisations
Lists of nuclear accidents
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