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Near-field electromagnetic ranging (NFER) refers to any Radio technology employing the Near-field properties of Radio Waves as a Real Time Location System (RTLS). OVERVIEW Near-field Electromagnetic ranging is an emerging RTLS technology that employs transmitter tags and one or more receiving units. Operating within a half- Wavelength of a receiver, transmitter tags must use relatively low Frequencies (less than 30 M Hz ) to achieve significant ranging. Depending on the choice of frequency, NFER has the potential for range Resolution of 30 cm (1 ft) and ranges up to 300 m (1,000 ft).Mannion, Patrick. “Novel Approach to Tracking Shows Its Accuracy”. EE Times, October 25, 2004. Accessed 3/13/2007 from http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=51200125 TECHNICAL DISCUSSION The Phase relations between the Electric and Magnetic Field s around small Antenna s were first discovered by Heinrich Hertz . Close to a small antenna, the electric and magnetic field components of a radio wave are 90 Degree s out of phase. As the distance from the antenna increases, the EH phase difference decreases. Far from a small antenna in the Far-field , the EH phase difference goes to zero.Hertz, Heinrich. Electric Waves: Being Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action with Finite Velocity Through Space, London: Macmillan & Co., 1893, p. 152. Accessed 3/13/2007 from Google Books at: http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC06300890&id=8GkOAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR19&lpg=RA1-PR19&dq=hertz+electric+waves Thus a receiver that can separately measure the electric and magnetic field components of a near-field signal and compare their phases can measure the range to the transmitter.Schants, Hans. “Near field phase behavior,” 2005 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Volume 3B, 3-8 July 2005 pp. 134-137. Accessed 3/13/2007 from http://www.q-track.com/Technology.aspx?ID=25 Advantages NFER technology has several inherent advantages over other traditional RTLS systems. First, no to Baseband , high range precision may be achieved with relatively low time precision. For instance, a radio wave at 1 MHz has a Period of 1 µ s, and the EH phase difference changes about 45 degrees between 30 m (100 ft) to 60 m (200 ft). Thus, a 1 degree EH phase difference in a 1 MHz signal corresponds to a range difference of about 67 cm (26 in) and 1/360 of the period or 27.78 N s difference in time between the electric and magnetic signals. Down-converted to a 1 kHz Audio signal, the period becomes 1 ms, and the time difference required to measure becomes 27.78 µs. A comparable Time-of-flight (TOF) or Differential Time-of-arrival (DTOA) system would require 2 ns to 4 ns to make the same measurement. Using relatively low frequencies also conveys additional advantages. First, low frequencies are generally more penetrating than higher frequencies. For instance, at 2.4 . In dense metallic structures, multipath obscures or destroys the ability of Microwave or UHF signals to be used for reliable positioning. Low frequencies are less affected by this problem. Disadvantages Operation at low frequencies faces challenges as well. In general, antennas are most efficient at frequencies whose wavelengths are comparable to the antennas' dimensions (e.g., a quater-wavelength Monopole Antenna ). Therefore, since higher frequencies have smaller wavelengths, high frequency antennas are typically smaller than low frequency antennas. The larger size of practically efficient low frequency antennas is a significant hurdle that near-field electromagnetic ranging systems must overcome. APPLICATIONS The low-frequency, multipath-resistant characteristics of NFER make it well suited for tracking in dense metallic locations, such as typical office and industrial environments. Low frequencies also readily Diffract around the human body, which makes tracking people possible without the body blockage experienced by microwave systems like Ultra-wideband (UWB). Systems deployed in complicated indoor propagation environments reportedly achieve 60 cm (2 ft) accuracy or better at ranges of 46 m (150 ft) or more.“Q-Track Demonstrates Novel Indoor Wireless Tracking Product,” Measurement Device Technologies Practices and Resources Directories, accessed 3/13/2007 from http://www.measurementdevices.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=704 There is also an indication that multiple frequency implementations may yield increased accuracy.Kim, C.W., F.P.S. Chin, and H.K. Garg, “Multiple Frequencies for Accuracy Improvement in Near Field Electromagnetic Ranging,” 2006 IEEE 17th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Helsinki, Finland, September 2006, pp. 1-5. Accessed 3/13/2007 from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?isnumber=4022244&arnumber=4022272&count=556&index=26 SEE ALSO
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