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A name (. A Personal Name identifies a ''specific'' unique and identifiable individual person. The name of a specific entity is sometimes called a Proper Name (although that term has a philosophical meaning also) and is a Proper Noun . Other nouns are sometimes, more loosely, called names; an older term for them, now Obsolete , is "'''general name'''". The use of personal names is not unique to humans. Dolphin s also use symbolic names, as has been shown by recent research.1 Individual dolphins have individual whistles, to which they will respond even when there is no other information to clarify which dolphin is being referred to. Naming is the process of assigning a particular Word or Phrase to a particular object or property. This can be quite deliberate or a natural process that occurs in the flow of life as some Phenomenon comes to the Attention of the users of a Language . Many new words or phrases come into existence during Translation as attempts are made to express Concept s from one language in another. Either as a part of the naming process, or later as Usage is observed and studied by Lexicographers , the word can be defined by a Description of the Pattern to which it refers. Besides their ''grammatical function'', names can have additional or pure honorary and memorial values. For example, the Posthumous Name 's primary function is commemorative. Care must be taken in translation, for there are ways that one language may prefer one type of name over another. For example, there are "merchants' and sailors' terms" for their own convenience: the spellings as Napoleon III during his rule. PHILOSOPHICAL ACCOUNTS OF NAMES Proper names function the same way as common nouns do in many natural languages. Philosophers have thus often treated the two as similar in meaning. In the late nineteenth century, .) with respect to singular terms, and was prominent through much of twentieth-century Analytic Philosophy . In 1970 Saul Kripke gave a series of lectures arguing against Descriptivism, and holding, among other things, that names are Rigid Designator s--expressions that refer to their objects independently of any properties those objects have. Of course, we must often use descriptions to ''pick out'' our references--to explain to others which object we are talking about, by reference to some property we both agree it bears; but it does not follow that any of these properties constitute the meaning of the ''name''. Kripke's work led to the development of various versions of the Causal Theory Of Reference , which in various forms claims that our words mean what they do, not because of descriptions we associate with them, but because of the causal history of our acquisition of that name in our vocabulary. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet In Shakespeare's play Romeo And Juliet , Juliet says (speaking about Romeo, because of the tension between their families), 'Tis but thy name that is my enemy; Many people think Shakespeare is revealing the boundaries of the term name here. They think he proposes that a rose would still be a rose; in other words, the name does not matter. They also think, at the same time he is showing us the importance of names, as for one thing - the names are what the plot is about. Most commentators argue that what Shakespeare is really trying to say is, "I could love you if your last name was not what it is." This is a common misconception. Whitman's Mannahatta In the first ''three'' lines of Walt Whitman's poem, Mannahatta , Whitman conveys a large amount of information about names. : I was asking for something specific and perfect for my city, : Whereupon, lo! upsprang the aboriginal name! : Now I see what there is in a name, a word, liquid, sane, unruly, musical, self-sufficient; Here, Whitman is saying that the name Mannahatta (or, Manhattan ) is the perfect name for such a city, because it is so descriptive of its true essence. Whitman shows the importance and effect of proper naming. NAMES IN RELIGIOUS THOUGHT Judaism Names are attributed added significance in traditional Jewish sources. Biblical names In the Old Testament, the names of individuals are meaningful; for example, Adam is named after the "earth" (Adama) from which he was created. (Genesis 2) A change of name indicates a change of status. For example, the patriarch "Abram" is renamed "Abraham" before he is blessed with children. His wife, "Sarai" is similarly renamed "Sarah." (Genesis 17) Talmudic attitudes The Babylonian Talmud maintains that names exert an influence over their bearers: From where do we know that a name has a causal effect ("shama garim"). Says Rabbi Elazar: the verse says,xdjhrzxijtk (Psalms 46:9) "Go see the works of God, who puts desolation (shamot) in the earth." Read not "desolation" but "names" (shemot). (B.T. Berachot 7b) Furthermore, a change of name is one of four actions that can avert an evil heavenly decree. (B.T. Rosh Hashana 16b) Commentators differ as to whether this influence is metaphysical - a connection between name and essence - or psychological. (See Meiri , Ritva to B.T. Rosh Hashana 16b) Talmudic sage, Rabbi Meir , would infer a person's nature from his or her name. The Talmud also states that all those who descend to Gehennom will rise, except for three, including he who calls another by a derisive Nickname . (B.T. Yoma 83b; J.T. Rosh Hashana 3:9; B.T. Yoma 38a; B.T. Bava Metzia 58a) TECHNICAL NAMES FOR NAMES A human name is an Anthroponym ; a Toponym is a place name; Hydronym is a name of a body of water; an Ethnonym is name of an Ethnic Group . For more, see A List Of -onym Words . There are also false names, such as monikers, Pseudonyms , and Pen Names , the latter usually used only in writing. NAMING CONVENTION For Wikipedia's own naming conventions see A naming convention is an attempt to systematize names in a field so they unambiguously convey similar information in a similar manner. Several major naming conventions include:
Naming conventions are useful in many aspects of everyday life, enabling the casual user to understand larger structures. Street Name s within a city may follow a naming convention; some examples include:
Large corporate, university, or government campuses may follow a naming convention for rooms within the buildings to help orient tenants and visitors. Parents may follow a naming convention when selecting names for their children. Some have chosen alphabetical names by birth order. In some East Asian cultures, it is common for one syllable in a two syllable given name to be a Generation Name which is the same for immediate siblings. In many cultures it is common for the son to be named after the father. In other cultures, the name may include the place of residence. Roman Naming Convention denotes social rank. Products may follow a naming convention. '' Platinum '', after the precious metal. Computers often have increasing numbers in their names to signify the next generation. Courses at schools typically follow a naming convention: an abbreviation for the subject area and then a number ordered by increasing level of difficulty. Many numbers (e.g. bank accounts, government IDs, credit cards, etc) are not random but have an internal structure and convention. Virtually all organizations that assign names or numbers will follow some convention in generating these identifiers. Airline flight numbers, Space Shuttle Flight Numbers , even Phone Number s all have an internal convention. Brand names See Also: Brand The process of developing a name for a brand or product is heavily influenced by Marketing Research and Strategy to be appealing and marketable. The brand name is often a neologism or Pseudoword . SEE ALSO
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