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MUSICAL COMPOSITIONS A piece of music exists in the form of a written composition in Musical Notation or as a single Acoustic event (a live performance or recorded track). If composed before being performed, music can be performed from memory, through written Musical Notation , or through a combination of both. Compositions comprise musical elements, which vary widely from person to person and between cultures. Improvisation is the act of composing immediately before or during the performance, assembling musical elements "spontaneously." COMPOSITION AS MUSICAL FORM In discussing the structure or organization of a musical work, the ''composition'' of that work is generally called its Musical Form . These techniques draw a parallel to art's Formal Elements . Sometimes, the entire form of a piece is Through-composed , meaning that each part is different, with no repetition of sections; other forms include Strophic , Rondo , Verse-chorus , or other parts. Some pieces are composed around a set Scale , where the compositional technique might be considered the usage of a particular scale. Others are composed during performance (see Improvisation ), where a variety of techniques are also sometimes used. Important in Tonal musical composition is the Scale for the Notes used, including the Mode and Tonic note. When playing or reading Classical Notated music, only the Key Signature (a designated set of notes in scale) matters. In music using Twelve Tone Technique s, the Tone Row is even more comprehensive a factor than a scale. Similarly, music of the Middle East employs compositions that are rigidly based on a specific mode (such as the Dorian , Phrygian , Mixolydian , and Locrian scales), often within improvisational contexts, as does Hindustani music of India , Gamelan s of Java and Bali , and much music in Africa . COMPOSING MUSIC People who practice composition are called Composer s. Useful skills in composition include writing Musical Notation , Instrumentation , and handling Musical Ensemble s ( Orchestration ). The definition of composition has broadened to include extended techniques such as Improvisation , Musical Montage , preparing instruments, using non-traditional instruments or methods of Sound Production , and making music from Silence , as John Cage famously did. COMPOSITIONAL INSTRUMENTATION The task of instrumenting a composition, called Arranging or Orchestrating , may be undertaken by the composer or separately by an Arranger based on the composer's core composition. A composition may have multiple arrangements based on such factors as intended audience type and breadth, musical genre or stylistic treatment, recorded or live performance considerations, available musicians and instruments, commercial goals and economic constraints. Based on such factors, composers or arrangers must decide upon the Instrumentation of the original work. Today, the Contemporary composer can virtually write for almost any combination of instruments. Some common group settings include music for Full Orchestra (consisting of just about every instrument group), Wind Ensemble (or Concert Band , which consists of larger sections and greater diversity of wind, brass and percussion instruments than are usually found in the Orchestra ), or a chamber group (often called Chamber Music , which calls for the instrumentation of at least two instruments). The composer may also choose to write for only one instrument, in which case this is called a Solo . Composers are not limited to writing only for instruments, they may also decide to write for Voice (including Choral works, Operas , and Musicals ) or Percussion Instrument s or Electronic Instrument s. Alternatively, as is the case with Musique Concrète , the composer can work with many sounds often not associated with the creation of music, such as typewriters, sirens, and so forth. In Elizabeth Sawdos' Listening Out Loud , she explains how a composer must know the full capabilities of each instrument and how they must complement each other, not compete. She gives and example of how in an earlier composition of hers, she had the tuba above the piccolo. This would clearly drown the piccolo out, thus giving it no purpose in the composition. Each instrument chosen to be in a piece must have a reason for being there that adds to what the composer is trying to convey within the work SEE ALSO EXTERNAL LINKS
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