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was one of the most popular microcomputers of its era, and is the best selling model of Home Computer of all time.]] Although there is no single definition, a microcomputer (sometimes shortened to '''micro'''Proof of "micro" as a once-common term: (i) Direct reference: Jack Kibble-White, Jack "Stand by for a Data-Blast" , Off the Telly. Article written December , retrieved 2006-11-07 . The term "microcomputer" came into popular use after the introduction of the Minicomputer . Most notably, the microcomputer replaced the many distinct components that made up the minicomputer's CPU with a single integrated microprocessor Chip . the earliest models shipping with as little as 256 bytes of RAM, and no input / output other than lights and switches. However, as microprocessor design advanced rapidly and memory became less expensive from the early 1970s onwards, microcomputers in turn grew faster and cheaper. This resulted in an explosion in their popularity during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The increasing availability and power of such computers attracted the attention of more software developers. As time went on and the industry matured, the market standardized around IBM PC clones running MS-DOS (and later Windows ). Modern Desktop Computer s, Video Game Console s, Laptop Computer s, Tablet PC s, and many types of Handheld Device s, including Mobile Phone s, may all be considered examples of microcomputers according to the definition given above. COLLOQUIAL USE OF THE TERM Everyday use of the expression "microcomputer" (and in particular the "micro" abbreviation) has declined significantly from the mid- 1980s onwards, and is no longer commonplace. It is most commonly associated with the first wave of all-in-one 8-bit Home Computer s and small business microcomputers (such as the Apple II , Commodore 64 , BBC Micro , and TRS 80 ). Although—or perhaps because—an increasingly diverse range of modern microprocessor-based devices fit the definition of "microcomputer," they are no longer referred to as such in everyday speech. In common usage, "microcomputer" has been largely supplanted by the description " Personal Computer " or "PC," which describes that it has been designed to be used by one person at a time. IBM first promoted the term "personal computer" to differentiate themselves from other Microcomputer s, often called " Home Computer s." and also IBM's own mainframes and minicomputers. Unfortunately for IBM, the microcomputer itself was widely imitated, as well as the term. The component parts were commonly available to manufacturers and the BIOS was Reverse Engineered through Cleanroom Design techniques. IBM PC Compatible "clones" became commonplace, and the terms "Personal Computer," and especially "PC" stuck with the general public. DESCRIPTION Monitors, keyboards and other devices for input and output may be integrated or separate. Computer memory in the form of RAM , and at least one other less volatile, memory storage device are usually combined with the CPU on a System Bus in a single unit. Other devices that make up a complete microcomputer system include, batteries, a Power Supply unit, a keyboard and various input/output devices used to convey information to and from a human operator ( Printers , Monitors , Human Interface Devices ) Microcomputers are designed to serve only a single user at a time, although they can often be modified with software or hardware to concurrently serve more than one user. Microcomputers fit well on or under desks or tables, so that they are within easy access of the user. Bigger computers like Minicomputer s, Mainframes , and Supercomputer s take up large Cabinet s or even a dedicated room. A microcomputer comes equipped with at least one type of data storage, usually RAM . Although some microcomputers (particularly early 8-bit home micros) perform tasks using RAM alone, some form of Secondary Storage is normally desirable. In the early days of home micros, this was often a data Cassette Deck (in many cases as an external unit). Later, secondary storage (particularly in the form of Floppy and Hard Disk drives) were built in to the microcomputer case itself. HISTORY Although they contained no microprocessors but were built around TTL logic, was referred to as a Personal Computer in an advertisement in a 1968 Science magazine http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/histnfacts/museum/personalsystems/0021/other/0021ad.pdf but that advertisement was quickly dropped.http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/issue_pdf/frontmatter_pdf/162/3852.pdf It is suspected that HP was reluctant to call them "computers" because it would complicate government procurement and export procedures. The Datapoint 2200 , made by CTC in 1970, is perhaps the best candidate for the title of "first microcomputer". While it contains no microprocessor, it used the 4004 programming Instruction Set and its custom TTL logic was the basis for the Intel 8008 , and for practical purposes the system behaves approximately as if it contains an 8008. This is because Intel was the contractor in charge of developing the Datapoint's CPU but ultimately CTC rejected the 8008 design because it needed 20 support chips. http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/MicroprocessorHistory.htm Another early system, the , introduced in 1973 by a French company and powered by the 8008; it was the first microcomputer sold all assembled and not as a construction kit. Virtually all early microcomputers were essentially boxes with lights and switches; one had to read and understand binary numbers and machine language to program and use them (the Datapoint 2200 was a striking exception, bearing a modern design based around a monitor, keyboard, and tape and disk drives). Of the early "box of switches"-type microcomputers, the MITS Altair 8800 (1975) was arguably the most famous. Most of these simple, early microcomputers were sold as Electronic Kits --bags full of loose components which the buyer had to solder together before the system could be used. The period from about 1971 to 1976 is sometimes called the of microcomputers. These machines were for engineering development and hobbyist personal use. In 1975, the Processor Technology SOL-20 was designed, which consisted of a single board which included all the parts of the computer system. The SOL-20 had built-in EPROM software which elimated the need for rows of switches and lights. The MITS Altair just mentioned played an instrumental role in sparking significant hobbyist interest, which itself eventually led to the founding and success of many well-known Personal Computer hardware and software companies, such as Microsoft and Apple Computer . Although the Altair itself was only a mild commercial success, it helped spark a huge industry. 1977 saw the introduction of the second generation, known as Home Computer s. These were considerably easier to use than their predecessors, whose operation often demanded thorough familiarity with practical electronics. The ability to connect to a monitor (screen) or TV set allowed for visual manipulation of text and numbers. The BASIC Programming Language , which was easier to learn and use than raw machine language, became a standard feature. These features were already common in Minicomputer s, which many hobbyists and early manufactures were familiar with. 1979 saw the launch of the VisiCalc Spreadsheet (initially for the Apple II ) that first turned the microcomputer from a hobby for computer enthusiasts into a business tool. After the 1981 release by IBM of their IBM PC , the term Personal Computer became generally used for microcomputers compatible with the IBM PC architecture ( PC Compatible ). REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES SEE ALSO
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