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BIBLICAL NARRATIVE The narrative, as it stands in the Book of Judges, states that a man named Micah, who lived in the region of the Tribe Of Ephraim , stole 1100 silver Shekel s from his mother, but when his mother cursed about it he returned them. The mother then consecrated the money to Yahweh for the purpose of creating a carved image and silver idol, and she gave 200 shekels to a silversmith who made them into a carved image and an idol. These were placed in a shrine in Micah's house, and he made an Ephod and Teraphim , and installed one of his sons as a priest. A young Levite, from Bethlehem in Judah, who lived near Micah (some translations render the underlying Hebrew term as ''sojourning'', though it literally means ''resident alien'') and was wandering the land, passed Micah's house, and so Micah responded by asking him to be his priest, in return for 10 silver shekels a year, clothes, and food, to which the Levite agreed. The Tribe of Dan, who at this time were without territory, sent five warriors from Zorah and Eshtaol , representative of their clans, to scout out the land (most Biblical Scholars now believe that the Tribe of Dan originated as one of the Sea Peoples , hence ''remaining on their ships'' in the early Song Of Deborah , and not having Israelite land to their name,''Australian Journal of Biblical Archaeology'', Yigael Yadin, ''And Dan, Why Did He Remain in Ships?'' 1968'' Biblical Archaeology Review '', ''When Canaanites and Philistines Ruled Ashkelon'', March/April 1991 though conservative scholars argue that the Tribe of Dan were migrating due to being forced out of their original lands by the Philistines ). In the text, when the scouts chanced upon Micah's house, they spent the night; when they chanced upon Micah's house, they recognised the Levite's voice ( Biblical Scholars believe this refers to recognition of his dialect or to priestly Intonation ''Peake's Commentary on the Bible''), and asked him what he was doing there, so he explained. Upon return to the rest of the tribe of Dan, the scouts told them about Laish, an unmilitarised town in fertile land that was allied with the Sidonians but was too remote for the Sidonians to be able to offer practical protection. The Tribe of Dan consequently sent 600 warriors to attack Laish, and during their journey passed Micah's house, which the five scouts then told them about. The five scouts then went into Micah's house, and stole the idol, ephod, teraphim, and carved image, and took them out of the house, while the 600 warriors were standing at the gate. The priest asked them what they were doing, but was persuaded to go with them as then he could be the priest of a whole tribe rather just a house. When Micah discovered what had happened, he gathered his neighbours together and set off in pursuit of the warriors. When he reached them he was threatened with violence, so, realising he was outnumbered, gave up the pursuit and returned home emptyhanded. The warriors eventually reached Laish, which they put to the sword and burnt to the ground. The Tribe of Dan then rebuilt the town, named it Dan, installed the idols, and made Jonathon the son of Gershom , and his descendants, as the priest. The idols remained in use until ''the captivity of the land'' and the idols remainded in use until ''the house of God'' ceased to be in Shiloh . Scholars think that the former refers to the Assyrian conquest of the Kingdom Of Israel by Tiglath-pileser III in 733/732 BCE, and that the latter refers to the time of Hezekiah 's religious reform;ibid an alternative possibility, however, supported by a minority of scholars, is that ''time of captivity of the land'' is a typographic error and should read ''time of captivity of the ark'', referring to the battle of Eben-Ezer , and the Philistine Capture Of The Ark , and that the ceasing of the ''house of God'' being in Shiloh refers to this also.'' Jewish Encyclopedia '' TEXTUAL ANALYSIS The text has many doublets;''Peake's commentary on the Bible''; ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' Laish is described as peaceful, unmilitarised, and impractically allied to just the Sidonians in both and 18:7 and 18:27-28; it is stated that Israel had no king in both 17:6 and 18:1; the Levite begins to live with Micah in 17:11 and in 17:12 . The text also has several contradictions.''Peake's commentary on the Bible''; ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' In 17:7 the Levite is a young man who lived in the neighborhood of Micah, while in the following verse he is a wandering Levite;''Jewish Encyclopedia in 18:2 the scouts spend the night in Micah's house, in 18:3 they are passing nearby; in 18:19 the priest voluntarily goes with them, in 18:27 he is taken;ibid in 18:30 the idols are used until the ''captivity of the land'' but in 18:31 it is until the ''house of God'' ceased to be in Shiloh.ibid Textual Scholars thus believe that the text probably was formed from two earlier spliced together narratives; the majority view being that the one of these spliced together narratives was Judges 17:1, 17:5, 17:8-11a, 17:12a, 17:13, 18:1, parts of 18:2, 18:3b, 18:4b-6, 18:8-10, parts of 18:11, 18:12, parts of 18:13, 18:14, 18:16, 18:18a, 18:19-29, and 19:31, and that the remaining verses are the other narrative.ibid Unsplicing these narratives, one finds that in the first narrative,
In the second narrative,
In addition, the first four verses (17:1-4) use a different form of the name ''Micah'' than the remainder of the text.''Peake's commentary on the Bible'' Scholars think these verses have been subject to scribal corruption and are misplaced from their original order.ibid The original order is probably that the mother first consecrated the silver to Yahweh, and only then did the son own up to the theftibid - the consecration of the silver likely being a ploy by the mother to get the son to own up to the theft (particularly as she only puts a fraction to the purpose it was consecrated for)ibid There is some debate between textual scholars as to the provenance of each narrative; among those who subscribe to Hexateuch -like theories there is even uncertainty as to whether the first narrative should be considered Elohist (or Elohist-like) or Jahwist (or Jahwist-like),''Jewish Encyclopedia'' and the origin of the second narrative is even more debated.ibid Textual scholars believe that the whole narrative is ultimately designed as a slur on the sanctuary at Dan, which became a significant sanctuary in the Kingdom Of Israel , by a writer or writers who were opposed to the presence of idols there.''Peake's commentary on the Bible'' It is notable that everyone except the people of Laish is portrayed negativelyibid - Micah is a thief (at least in the second narrative), his mother consecrates 1100 shekels but only gives 200 of them for the purpose to which they were consecrated (again in the second narrative), the mother has molten and graven idols created (second narrative) - which violates the Mitzvot against thisibid-, the Tribe of Dan steal the idols, the Levite is disloyal (in the first narrative), and Dan brutally conquer and destroy the peaceful and unmilitarised city of Laish (in the first narrative). IN CLASSICAL RABBINICAL LITERATURE Micah is variously identified in Classical Rabbinical Literature ; some Rabbis consider him to be identical with Sheba , son of Bichri, and other with Nebat , the father of Jeroboam.Sanhedrin 101b The Rabbinical sources thus regard ''Micah'' as an appellation, and give it an etymology (not supported by modern linguists) where it means ''the crushed one'', in reference to a haggadah narrative concerning the Biblical story of Bricks From Straw in the Moses cycle.Tanḥuma, Yelammedenu, Ki Tissa; compare Rashi to Sanhedrin 1 100 In the haggadah narrative, the Israelites where so desperate to complete the task of making bricks, and simultaneously unable to do so, that they felt compelled to put their children in the brickwork where the bricks were lacking; Moses rescued one child, namely Micah, already crushed by the bricks above him, and restored him to life and health.ibid Classical Rabbinical sources all report that Micah was among with the words ''come up ox'' (comparing Joseph to an ox) into the river in the wilderness, and Micah retrieved the splinter after this, and threw it into the fire which Aaron had cast the gold into, causing a golden calf to come out.Tanḥuma, Yelammedenu 1 100 Despite his clear Idolatry , Micah was not treated as a completely negative figure, and was highly praised for his hospitality; in one rabbinical narrative, God prevents Angel s from casting down Micah's idol simply because of Micah's kindness.Sanhedrin 103b SEE ALSO CITATIONS AND NOTES |
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