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Marshal (also sometimes spelled '''marshall''' in American English , but not in British English ) is a word used in several official titles of various branches of society. The word derives from Old Germanic ''marh'' "horse" and ''scalc'' "servant", and originally meant "stable keeper". As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Medieval Europe , the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used for the most elevated offices. The American English spelling of the name ("Marshall") is often confused with the spelling of the title ("Marshal"). It is approximate to the position of Constable . MILITARY In many countries, the rank of Marshal is the highest Army Rank , outranking Field Marshal s, Grand Admiral s and General s. Marshals are very sparsely appointed, and typically only in war-time (although this need not be the case). The special symbol of a Marshal is a Baton , and so their insignia often incorporate batons. In some countries, the word ''Marshal'' is also used instead of ''General'' in the higher Air Force ranks. The four highest Royal Air Force ranks are Marshal Of The Royal Air Force , ''' Air Chief Marshal ''', ''' Air Marshal ''' and ''' Air Vice Marshal ''' (although the first, which has generally been suspended as a peacetime rank, is the only one which can properly be considered a marshal). The 5 Star Rank of Marshal Of The Air Force is used by some Commonwealth air forces. In the French army and some armies based on the French army, Maréchal des logis ( Marshal-of-Lodgings ) is a cavalry term equivalent to Sergeant . Some historical rulers have used special ''Marshal'' titles to reward certain subjects. Though not strictly military ranks, these honorary titles have been exclusively bestowed upon successful military leaders, such as the famous Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio Jose De Sucre . Most famous are the Marshals Of France (''Maréchaux de France''), not least under Napoleon I . Another such title was that of ''' Reich Marshal ''' (''Reichsmarschall''), that was bestowed upon Hermann Göring by Adolf Hitler , although it was never a regular title. Soviet Union and Russia have both General Of The Army and Marshal in their rank system, which leaves the latter as a largely honorary rank. Marshal ranks by country The following articles deal with the rank of Marshal as used by specific countries:
These non- European ranks are considered the equivalent to a Marshal
CEREMONIAL
LAW ENFORCEMENT The word Marechaussee seems to derive from the old French name Marecheaux given to an ancient court of justice in Paris called the "Tribunal of Constable s and Marshals Of France ". These constables and marshals were to become members of the Gendarmerie which served as a model for the police forces of both Belgium and the Netherlands . The term Marechaussee was also used for the Continental Army 's Military Police during the American Revolution . United States Particularly in the United States , ''marshal'' is used for various kinds of law enforcement officers. Federal Marshals
State and Local
Europe France In France the Maréchaussée was the forerunner of the French Gendarmerie . A military corps having such duties was first created in 1337 and was placed under the command of the Constable Of France , and therefore named the '' Connétablie ''. In 1626 after the aboliton of the title of connétable, it was put under the command of the ''Maréchal of France'', and renamed '' Maréchaussée ''. Its main mission was protecting the roads from Highwaymen . The gens d'armes were originally heavy cavalry in the king's household, the equivalent of the " Honourable Corps Of Gentlemen At Arms ". In 1720 the maréchaussée was subordinated to the gendarmerie; after the French Revolution the maréchaussée was abolished and the gendarmerie took over its duties in 1791. It was a mounted Military Police force organised and equipped along military lines. While its existence ensured the relative safety of French rural districts and roads, the marechaussee was regarded in contemporary England (which had no effective police force of any nature) as a symbol of foreign tyranny. In 1789, on the eve of the French Revolution , the marechaussee numbered 3,660 men divided into small detachments called brigades. By law dated 16 February 1791 this force was renamed the gendarmerie nationale. Its personnel and role remained unchanged. Netherlands In the Netherlands the '' Koninklijke Marechaussee '' are the '' Gendarmerie '' force. Created by King William I to replace the French ''gendarmerie'' on October 26, 1814 . The word ''gendarmerie'' had gained a negative connotation, so William called the new force "''marechaussée''" (''maréchaussée'' is an alternate French word for ''gendarmerie''). At that time, the ''marechaussee'' was part of the army (''landmacht''). The ''marechaussee'' performed police duties for the army, as well as civilian police work as a part of the national police (''rijkspolitie''). The ''marechaussee'' would form the only police force in many small cities like Venlo, especially in the southern provinces of Limburg and North Brabant. SCIENCE FICTION Star Wars The rank of Marshal has made frequent appearances in Science Fiction works, both live action productions and literature. In the universe of '' Star Wars '', the rank of Marshal is conjectured to be connected to the TIE Fighter forces, being ranks held by senior TIE fighter commanders, equivalent to Imperial Navy Admirals. Several sources of the Star Wars Expanded Universe have conjectured the following Marshal ranks of the Starfighter service.
Others In addition to Star Wars, the rank of Marshal may also be found in the novel '' Starship Troopers '' where the rank of Sky Marshal is held by the Commander-in-Chief of the military. Marshal is also a military rank frequently found in the universe of '' Doctor Who '' where, more often than not, it is held by various Villain s who seek galactic domination through military force. In the '' Riddick '' universe, the leader of the diabolic Necromonger army is called the Lord Marshal. In the computer game '' StarCraft '', the major character Jim Raynor holds the rank of Marshal at the story's outset. In the '' Warhammer 40,000 '' universe, the Black Templars Space Marines chapter has Marshals. Another example of the rank of Marshal in science fiction and Fantasy can be found in Mercedes Lackey 's world of Valdemar . One of the country's most important ranks is that of Lord Marshal . In the episode " Hide And Q " the entity Q took the appearance of a French marshal. ACADEMIC
RACING AND OTHER COMPETITIONS
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