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Mandala (. is a term used to refer to various objects. It is of Hindu origin, but is also used in other Indian Religions , such as Buddhism . In the Tibetan branch of Vajrayana Buddhism, they have been developed into Sandpainting . In practice, mandala has become a generic term for any plan, chart or geometric pattern that represents the Cosmos metaphysically or symbolically, a Microcosm of the Universe from the human perspective. In various spiritual traditions, mandala may be employed for focusing attention of aspirants and adepts, a spiritual teaching tool, for establishing a Carl Jung saw the mandala as ''"a representation of the unconscious self,"''http://www.crystalinks.com/mandala.html and believed his paintings of mandalas enabled him to identify emotional disorders and work towards wholeness in personality. See C G Jung: ''Memories, Dreams, Reflections'', pp.186-197 IN HINDUISM A Hindu temple's ground floor plan often takes the form of a mandala symbolizing the universe. The lotus is sacred not only because it transcends the darkness of the water and mud where its roots are, but also because of its perfectly symmetrical mandala.See David Fontana: "Meditating with Mandalas", p. 12 IN BUDDHISM Tibetan Vajrayana in Austria in 2002]] A kyil khor (Tibetan for mandala) in Vajrayana Buddhism usually depicts a landscape of the Buddha land or the enlightened vision of a Buddha (which are inevitably identified with and represent the nature of experience and the intricacies of both the enlightened and confused mind): ''"a microcosm representing various divine powers at work in the universe."''http://www.mandala21century.org/the_mandala.html Such mandalas consist of an outer circular mandala and an inner square (or sometimes circular) mandala with an ornately decorated mandala palacehttp://www.jyh.dk/indengl.htm#Symbols placed at the center. Any part of the inner mandala can be occupied by Buddhist glyphs and symbols http://www.jyh.dk/indengl.htm#Symbols Mandala by Jytte Hansen as well as images of its associated deities, which ''"symbolise different stages in the process of the realisation of the truth."'' http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2122/stories/20041105000106500.htm Mandalas are commonly used by tantric Buddhists as an aid to meditation. More specifically, a Buddhist mandala is envisaged as a ''"sacred space,"''http://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/mandala/ a Pure Buddha Realmhttp://www.lotsawahouse.org/cdmandala.html and also as an abode of fully realised beings or deities. http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2122/stories/20041105000106500.htm While on the one hand, it is regarded as a place separated and protected from the ever-changing and impure outer world of circle, the circle with the eight tombs, the lotus circle."''http://www.jyh.dk/indengl.htm The ring of vajras forms a connected fence-like arrangement running around the perimeter of the outer mandala circlehttp://www.jyh.dk/indengl.htm#Circles The mandala is also ''"a support for the meditating person,"''http://www.jyh.dk/indengl.htm something to be repeatedly contemplated, to the point of saturation, such that the image of the mandala becomes fully internalised in even the minutest detail and which can then be summoned and contemplated at will as a clear and vivid visualised image. With every mandala comes what Tucci calls ''"its associated liturgy...contained in texts known as tantras,"''http://www.asianart.com/mandalas/tibet.html instructing practitioners on how the mandala should be drawn, built and visualised and indicating the mantras to be recited during its ritual use. The photograph at right is a good example of a Tibetan an Buddhist Cosmology . To symbolize impermanence (a central teaching of Buddhism ), after days or weeks of creating the intricate pattern, the sand is brushed together and is usually placed in a body of running water to spread the blessings of the mandala. The visualization and concretization of the mandala concept is one of the most significant contributions of Buddhism to Transpersonal Psychology . Mandalas are seen as sacred places which, by their very presence in the world, remind a viewer of the immanence of sanctity in the Universe and its potential in his or her self. In the context of the Buddhist path the purpose of a mandala is to put an end to human suffering, to attain enlightenment and to attain a correct view of Reality. It is a means to discover divinity by the realization that it resides within one's own self. A mandala can also represent the entire Universe, which is traditionally depicted with Mount Meru as the is a symbolic offering of the entire Universe. Every intricate detail of these mandalas is fixed in the tradition and has specific symbolic meanings, often on more than one level. The mandala can be shown to represent in visual form the core essence of the Vajrayana teachings. In the mandala, the outer circle of fire usually symbolises wisdom. The ring of 8 charnel groundshttp://www.bdcu.org.au/scw/thanka.html probably represent the s, the major outer ring depicts the eight great charnel grounds, to emphasize the dangerous nature of human life."''http://www.sootze.com/tibet/mandala.htm Inside these rings lie the walls of the mandala palace itself, specifically a place populated by deities and Buddha s. One well-known type of mandala in Japan is the mandala of the "Five Buddhas", archetypal Buddha forms embodying various aspects of enlightenment, the Buddhas are depicted depending on the school of Buddhism and even the specific purpose of the mandala. A common mandala of this type is that of the Five Wisdom Buddhas (a.k.a. Five Jinas), the Buddhas Vairocana , Aksobhya , Ratnasambhava , Amitabha and Amoghasiddhi . When paired with another mandala depicting the Five Wisdom Kings , this forms the Mandala Of The Two Realms . Mandala offering Whereas the above mandala represents the pure surroundings of a Buddha, this mandala represents the Universe. This type of mandala is used for the mandala-offerings, during which one symbolically offers the Universe to the Buddhas or one's teacher for example. Within Vajrayana practice, 100,000 of these mandala offerings (to create merit) can be part of the preliminary practices before a student can begin with actual tantric practices.http://www.thubtenchodron.org/PrayersAndPractices/preliminary_practice.htm This mandala is generally structured according to the model of the Universe as taught in a Buddhist classic text the Abhidharmakosha , with Mount Meru at the centre, surrounded by the continents, oceans and mountains, etc. Shingon Buddhism The Japanese branch of Vajrayana Buddhism, and the Mandala Of The Diamond Realm . These two mandalas are engaged in the Abhiseka initiation rituals for new Shingon students. A common feature in this ritual is to blindfold the new initiate and have them throw a flower upon either mandala. Where the flower lands assists in the determination of which tutelary deity the initiate should work with. Sand Mandalas, as found in Tibetan Buddhism, are not practiced in Shingon Buddhism. Nichiren Buddhism The mandala in Nichiren Buddhism is called a ''moji''-mandala (文字漫荼羅) and is a hanging paper scroll or wooden tablet whose inscription consists of Chinese Characters and Medieval-Sanskrit Script representing elements of the Buddha's Enlightenment , protective Buddhist deities and certain Buddhist concepts. Called the Gohonzon , it was originally inscribed by Nichiren , the founder of this branch of Japanese Buddhism , during the late 13th Century. The Gohonzon is the primary object of veneration in some Nichiren schools and the only one in others, which consider it to be the supreme object of worship as the embodiment of the supreme Dharma and Nichiren's inner enlightenment. The seven characters Nam Myoho Renge Kyo , considered to be the name of the supreme Dharma and the Invocation that believers chant, are written down the center of all Nichiren-sect Gohonzons, whose appearance may otherwise vary depending on the particular school and other factors. Pure Land Buddhism Like Nichiren , Pure Land Buddhists such as Shinran and his descendent Rennyo sought a way to create objects of reverence, but objects that were readily available to the lower-classes of Japanese society that could not afford the traditional form of mandala. In the case of Shin Buddhism , Shinran designed a mandala using a hanging scroll, and the words of the Nembutsu (南無阿彌陀佛) written vertically. Such mandalas are still often used by Pure Land Buddhists in home altars called Butsudan today. IN CHRISTIANITY Cowen (2005: p.?), holds that mandala-esque forms are prevalent throughout Christianity: Celtic Cross ; Rosary ; Halo ; Aureole ; Oculi ; Crown Of Thorns ; Rose Window s; Rosy Cross '; Dromenon It is correctly termed a dromenon, not a maze nor labyrinth, as there is only one path to the centre. on the floor of Chartres Cathedral . The dromenon represents a journey from the outer world to the inner sacred centre where the Divine is found.See David Fontana: "Meditating with Mandalas", p. 11, 54, 118 Similarly, many of the Illuminations of Hildegard Von Bingen can be used as Mandalas, as are many of the images of Esoteric Christianity ie Christian Hermeticism , Christian Alchemy & Rosicrucianism . IN ISLAM In Islam, sacred art is dominated by geometric shapes in which a segment of the circle, the crescent moon, together with a star, represent the Divine. The entire building of the mosque becomes a mandala as the dome of the roof represents the arch of the heavens and turns the worshipper's attention towards Allah.See David Fontana: "Meditating with Mandalas", p. 11-12 MEDICINE WHEEL AS MANDALA Medicine Wheels are Stone Structures built by the Natives of North America for various Spiritual and Ritual purposes. Medicine wheels were built by laying out stones in a circular pattern that often looked like a wagon wheel lying on its side. The wheels could be large, reaching diameters of 75 feet. Although Archeologists are not definite on the purpose of each medicine wheel, it is considered that they had Ceremonial and Astronomical significance. Medicine wheels are still used today in the Native American spirituality, however most of the meaning behind them is not shared amongst non-Native peoples. Dream Catcher s are also mandalas. BORA RING AS MANDALA A Bora is the name given both to an Initiation ceremony of Indigenous Australians , and to the site Bora Ring on which the initiation is performed. At such a site, young boys are transformed into men via Rites Of Passage . The word ''Bora'' was originally from South-East Australia, but is now often used throughout Australia to describe an initiation site or ceremony. The term "bora" is held to be etymologically derived from that of the belt or girdle that encircles initiated men. The appearance of a Bora Ring varies from one culture to another, but it is often associated with Stone Arrangements , Rock Engravings , or other Art Works . Women are generally prohibited from entering a bora. In South East Australia, the Bora is often associated with the creator-spirit Baiame . Bora rings, found in South-East Australia , are circles of foot-hardened earth surrounded by raised embankments. They were generally constructed in pairs (although some sites have three), with a bigger circle about 22 metres in diameter and a smaller one of about 14 metres. The rings are joined by a sacred walkway. Matthews (1897)''The Burbung of the Darkinung Tribes'', 1897, Matthews, R.H., 1897, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 10, 1: 1-12. gives an excellent eye-witness account of a Bora ceremony, and explains the use of the two circles. OTHER MEANINGS OF ''MANDALA'' In the West, ''mandala'' is also used to refer to the "personal world" in which one lives, the various elements of the mandala or the activities and interests in which one engages, the most important being at the centre of the mandala and the least important at the periphery. Depicting one's personal mandala in pictorial form can give one a good indication of the state of one's spiritual life. SEE ALSO NOTES REFERENCES
EXTERNAL LINKS General Tibetan sand mandala
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