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The term came into common use in the late 20th century. It appears in the influential textbook by Samuelson and Nordhaus,Paul A. Samuelson and William D Nordhaus (2001), 17th ed.,'', v. 3, pp. 634-36.
Mainstream economics includes theories of Market and Government Failure and private and Public Good s. These developments suggest a range of views on the desirability or otherwise of government intervention.

Mainstream economics may employ Axioms or Postulate s in stating a theory. Testing the theoretical and empirical implications of those postulates is a standard method of mainstream economics.

Some fields may be described as being partly within mainstream economics, partly within Heterodox Economics . Some of them are Austrian Economics ''A Companion to the History of Economic Thought'' (2003). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631225730 p. 452, Institutional Economics , Neuroeconomics and non-linear Complexity Theory .David Colander, Richard P. F. Holt, and Barkley J. Rosser, Jr. (2004), "The Changing Face of Mainstream Economics," ''Review of Political Economy'', 16(4), pp.485-499. ( abstract )John B. Davis (2006), "The Turn in Economics: Neoclassical Dominance to Mainstream Pluralism?", ''Journal of Institutional Economics'', 2(1), pp. 1-20. ( PDF article link )

They may use neoclassical economics as a point of departure.

A countervailing trend is the expansion of mainstream methods to such seemingly distant fields as crime
David D. Friedman (2002), "Crime," ''The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics'', {Link without Title}
the Family , Law , Politics , and religion.
Laurence R. Iannaccone (1998), "Introduction to the Economics of Religion," ''Journal of Economic Literature'', 36(3), pp. 1465-1496.
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The latter phenomenon is sometimes referred to as Economic Imperialism .
Edward Lazear (2000),