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Locative (also called the ''seventh case'') is a case which indicates a location. It corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". The locative case belongs to the general local cases together with the Lative and Separative case. THE LOCATIVE CASE IN VARIOUS LANGUAGES The locative case exists in many language groups. Indo-European languages The ''' is found in:
The locative case is also used fairly commonly in Classical Latin to indicate a place "where" (we would prefix the place name with "at") as opposed to "to which" (we would prefix the name with "to"). (Walking "at Rome" is not the same as walking "to Rome".) The following table gives the usual locative case endings for the five declensions of Roman nouns: singular plural 1 st declension . . . . . . . . ae is 2 nd . . . . . . . . i is 3 rd . . . . . . . . i, e ibus 4 th . . . . . . . . i 5 the . . . . . . . . e . ( macrons on some of the i's and e's; not convenient in this font) The first declension locative is far the most common, because so many Roman place names were 1 st declension: mostly singular (Roma, Rome; Hibernia, Ireland; etc, and therefore Romae, at Rome; Hiberniae, at Ireland), but some plural (Athenae, Athens; Cumae, Cuma etc., with Athenis, at Athens; Cumis, at Cumae). But there are a number of second declension names that would have locatives, too (Brundisium, Brundisi; Eboracum, York; with locatives Brundisi, at Brundisium; Eboraci, at York, etc. Also the Latin "focus" ("hearth", used figuratively for any center of community attention, has a locative, "foci", " at the hearth".) Third, fourth, and fifth declension place names are few or none, but the locative of the 4th declension domus (home) is quite well known (domi, at home).
Russian In the Russian language, the locative case is often and recently called the prepositional case. This is because the case is only used after a preposition and not always used for locations. Statements such as "в библиотеке" ''v biblioteke'' ("in library") or "на Аляске" ''na Aljaske'' ("in Alaska") show the usage for location. However, this case is also used after the preposition "о" ("about") as in "о студенте" ''o studente'' ("about the student"). Nevertheless a few words preserve a distinctive form of locative case: "лежать в снегу́" ''lezhatʲ v snegu'' (to lie in the snow), but "думать о снеге" ''dumatʲ o snege'' (to think about snow). Other examples are дом ''dom'' (house) - "на дому" ''na domu'', дым ''dɨm'' (smoke) - "в дыму́" ''v dɨmú'', бок ''bok'' (side) - "на боку́" ''na boku''. The stress marks here signify that the stress is made on the last syllable, unlike the dative case that has the same spelling. Turkic languages Some Turkic Languages have a locative. Turkish The locative case exists in Turkish . For instance, in Turkish, ''elim'' means ''my hand'', and ''elimde'' means ''in my hand'', so using ''-de'' and ''-da'' suffixes, the locative case is marked. '''-te'', ''-ta'' and ''-da'' are the variations, depending on the sound of the root they suffix. Ex: ''kentte'' (in the city). Uzbek The locative case exists also in Uzbek . For example, in Uzbek, ''shakhar'' means ''city'', and ''shakharda'' means ''in the city'', so using ''-da'' suffix, the locative case is marked. Finno-Ugric languages Some Finno-Ugric Languages have a locative. Inari Sami In Inari Sami , the locative suffix is -st.
Hungarian In the Hungarian language, nine such cases exist, yet the name locative case refers to a form ''(-t/-tt)'' used only in a few city/town names along with the Inessive Case or Superessive Case . It can also be observed in a few local adverbs and Postposition s. It is no longer productive. Examples:
The town/city name suffixes ''-ban/-ben'' are the inessive ones, and the ''-on/-en/-ön'' are the superessive ones. Etruscan The . NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 EXTERNAL LINKS |
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