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Classical Latin was the literary register of Latin, as opposed to the Vulgar Latin spoken across the Roman Empire . The Latin brought by Roman soldiers to Gaul , Iberia or Dacia was not identical to the Latin of Cicero , and differed from it in vocabulary, syntax, and grammar.L. R. Palmer The Latin Language (repr. Univ. Oklahoma 1988, ISBN 0-8061-2136-X Some literary works with Low-register Language from the Classical Latin period give a glimpse into the world of early Vulgar Latin. The works of Plautus and Terence , being Comedies with many characters who were Slave s, preserve some early Basilectal Latin features, as does the recorded speech of the freedmen in the '' Cena Trimalchionis '' by Petronius Arbiter . At the third Council Of Tours in 813, Priest s were ordered to preach in the vernacular language — either in the ''rustica lingua romanica'' (Vulgar Latin), or in the Germanic Vernaculars — , since the common people could no longer understand formal Latin. LITERARY ENGLISH : ''For literary uses of English see:'' Literary Techniques : ''For formal English see:'' Standard English : ''For written English see:'' Standard Written English Literary English differs from spoken English in a number of particulars.
OTHER LANGUAGES See also: Arabic See main article: and early Islamic (7th to 9th centuries) Literature ; and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), the Standard Language in use today. The modern standard language is closely based on the Classical language, and most Arabs consider the two varieties to be two registers of one and the same language. Literary Arabic or classical Arabic is the official language of all Arab countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in schools at all stages. The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of Diglossia –the use of two distinct varieties of the same language, usually in different social contexts. Educated Arabic-speakers are usually able to communicate in MSA in formal situations. This diglossic situation facilitates Code-switching in which a speaker switches back and forth between the two varieties of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence. In instances in which highly educated Arabic-speakers of different nationalities engage in conversation but find their dialects mutually unintelligible (e.g. a Moroccan speaking with a Lebanese), they are able to code switch into MSA for the sake of communication. Chinese See main article: Literary Chinese, ''Wényánwén'' (文言文）, "Literary Writing", is the form of written Chinese used from the end of the Han Dynasty to the early 20th century when it was replaced by vernacular written Chinese, or '' Baihua '' (白話）. Literary Chinese diverged more and more from Classical Chinese as the dialects of China became more and more disparate and as the Classical written language became less and less representative of the Spoken Language . At the same time, Literary Chinese was based largely upon the Classical language, and writers frequently borrowed Classical language into their literary writings. Literary Chinese therefore shows a great deal of similarity to Classical Chinese, even though the similarity decreased over the centuries. Finnish The Finnish Language has a standard literary variant, literary Finnish, and a spoken variant, Spoken Finnish . Both are considered a form of non-dialectal standard language, and are used throughout the country. Literary Finnish is a consciously created fusion of dialects for use as a literary language, which is rarely spoken at all, being confined to writing and official speeches. Greek See main article: From the early nineteenth century until the mid twentieth century '' Katharevousa '', a form of Greek , was used for literary purposes. In later years, ''Katharevousa'' was used only for official and formal purposes (such as politics, letters, official documents, and newscasting) while '' Dhimotiki '', ‘demotic’ or popular Greek, was the daily language. This created a Diglossic Situation until in 1976 ''Dhimotiki'' was made the official language. Italian When Italy was Unified , in 1861, Italian , existed mainly as a literary language. Different languages were spoken throughout the Italian peninsula, many of which were Romance Language s which had developed in every region, due to the political fragmentation of Italy. Now it is the Standard Language of Italy. Japanese Standard Japanese can be divided into a literary language, ''Bungo'', and a spoken language, ''Kōgo'' which have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. ''Bungo'' was the main method of writing Japanese until the late 1940s, and still has relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in ''bungo'', although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). ''Kōgo'' is the predominant method of speaking and writing Japanese today, although ''bungo'' grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. Javanese In the Javanese Language Alphabet characters derived from the alphabets used to write Sanskrit , no longer in ordinary use, are used in literary words as a mark of respect. N'Ko , a variety of textbooks on subjects such as Physics and Geography , poetic and philosophical works, descriptions of traditional medicine, a dictionary, and several local newspapers. Tamil form. These styles shade into each other, forming a diglossic continuum.Harold Schiffman, " Diglossia as a Sociolinguistic Situation ", in Florian Coulmas (ed.), ''The Handbook of Sociolinguistics''. London: Basil Blackwell, Ltd., 1997 at pp. 205 et seq. The modern literary style is generally used in formal writing and speech. It is, for example, the language of textbooks, of much of , Theatre and popular entertainment on television and radio. Yorùbá 's Yorùbá grammar, led to Standard Yoruba becoming a literary language.]] See Also: Standard Yoruba (1932-1992) and Akinwunmi Isola . REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY
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