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Licentiate (from Latin ''licentia doctorandi'' = permission/right to teach) is the title of a person who holds an Academic Degree called a License . This degree exists in various Africa n, Europe an and Latin America n countries but can represent different educational levels. It usually signifies someone who holds a certificate of competence to practise a profession. REGIONAL VARIATIONS Argentina In Argentina , the ''licenciatura'' is a 4-5 year degree, generally equivalent to an M.Sc. in North America n universities. In some cases it does not require the formal writing of a Thesis , although almost invariably a quota of research is required. Australia Currently the only institution in Australia to grant licentiates - apart from theological colleges (see Below ) - is the Australian Music Examinations Board , which confers licentiate degrees including the ''Licentiate in Music, Australia'' (LMusA), which are considered roughly equivalent to a Master's Degree . Belgium In Belgian Universities , a person titled ''Licentiate'' (or ''Licentiaat'' in Dutch or ''Licencié'' in French ) holds the equivalent education of a Master's Degree . Student s used to receive a license after 4 or 5 years of successful study. The first two years were known as ''kandidatuur'' (''candidacy''), meaning students were qualifying themselves for study at the licential level. This ''candidate-licentiate'' system is now being replaced by an American-style ''bachelor-master'' system. The Belgian ''licentiate'' was also equivalent to the ''doctorandus'' in the Netherlands. Study is very rigorous. Students in Belgian universities usually take more than 30 hours a week (as opposed to an average of 15 at American universities.) Thus, students are able to complete their (licentiate or master's) degrees in four or five years, as opposed to the usual six at American institutions. Brazil In Brazil , the ''licenciate'' is a 3-4 year degree that qualifies to teach in primary and secondary education. France In French Universities , a licenciate (''licencié(e)'') is the holder of a Licence , which is a three-year degree, roughly equivalent to an Anglo-Saxon Bachelor's Degree . There are two kinds of licence: general and professional. Germany In Germany , a person titled ''Lizentiat'' holds the equivalent education of a Master's Degree or Diplom . Until the 1990s the degree was offered as a law degree at the University of the Saar as a single university degree (Lic.iur.) with a duration varying between 5 to 8-years. For political reasons this degree was discontinued, mainly because the Staatsexamen ( Law Degree ) was predominantly representing the mainstream education of a lawyer. The Lizentiat is largely equivalent to the 1. Staatsexamen but unlike the latter is assessed by university, not the state administration. It also allowed specialisation in areas of the law which were either not covered by other legal qualifications, e.g. ecclesiastical law etc, or not covered to the same extent. Other disciplines such as theology or journalism (FU Berlin) used to offer a ''Lizentiat'' qualification instead of a PhD. Portugal In Portugal , the licentiate's degree (''licenciatura'') was a single university degree with a duration varying between 4 to 6-years, higher than the Polytechnic 3-years ''bacharelato'' degree (now discontinued), but lower than the Master's Degree . However, although it was a single undergraduate degree awarded by accredited universities, it conferred an automatic Licensure for working in a particular profession and a full accreditation by the respective professional orders - ''ordens profissionais''. The Portuguese Polytechnic institutions used to award a single 3-year short cycle ''bacharelato'' (bachelor) degree that like the 4 to 6-years university ''licenciatura'', was also an undergraduate degree but without neither the ''licenciatura'''s Licensure for working in a particular profession nor an accreditation by the respective professional orders. After 1998 , the polytechnic institutions were legally upgraded to award new ''licenciaturas bietápicas'' which were a 3-years ''bacharelato'' plus an additional optative 1 to 2-years cycle conferring a polytechnic ''licenciatura''. The ''licenciatura'' diploma was also required for those applicants who wished to undertake master's and/or doctorate programs but admission were only allowed for ''licenciatura'' degree owners with grades over 13.5 (out of 20). Due to Europe 's Bologna Process , since 2006 new ''licenciatura'' degrees were organized at both universities and polytechnics - they are now a first study cycle (3 to 4 years) offered by any institution of Higher Education , and are the only required condition for any applicant who wish to undertake the second study cycle which awards a Master's Degree . The process was not a mere formal administrative change because the Curricula and the teaching methods of the new Bologna ''licenciatura'' and ''master's'' degrees are totally new. Like in the past, not all new "Bologna" licentiate's degrees are accredited by the ''ordens'' in the concerned field (for example, an accredited full chartered engineer must have a recognized diploma from the '' Ordem Dos Engenheiros '' in a country where accredited courses in engineering are only about one-third of the total number of engineering courses offered by a large number of institutions). After the implementation of the Bologna process, some courses (like engineering) should be accredited only after the student finishes his second study cycle which confers the masters' degree (''mestrado''), and the first study cycle which confers the ''licenciatura'' is not sufficient to be an accredited professional (for example a professional full chartered engineer or architect) in Portugal or in Europe. On the other side, there are not ''licenciatura'' degrees in medicine because the shortest first study cycle in this field after "Bologna", is a 5-year masters' degree, so all medicine students are award at least a master diploma. Spain In Spain the ''Licenciatura'' degree is one of the major University degree previous to doctoral studies. This system will also be progressively changed for the 'Grado' (Bachelor) and 'Master' system due to the Bologna Declaration on the European space for higher education. Nowadays ''Licenciatura'' is consisting of 5 years, or 6 years in Medicine. Currently, ''Licenciatura'' degrees, ''Diplomatura'' degrees (3 years), ''Ingeniería Técnica'' degrees (3 years) and ''Ingeniería'' degrees (5 years) are the undergraduate diplomas in Spain. After the Bologna process apparently, because the final decission has not yet been taken, ''Licenciatura'' and ''Ingeniería'' degrees will be divided into ''Grados'' (4 years) and ''Masters'' (1 or 2 years) and ''Diplomatura'' and ''Ingeniería Técnica'' will be upgraded to ''Grado'' (1 more year). Most of ''Ingeniería técnica'' and ''Ingeniería'' degrees will be unified because of their similarity. There will be exceptions for Pharmacy , Law , Odontology , Veterinary , Medicine , Architecture degrees. These ones will keep the 5 years (6 years in case of Medicine) in their curricula. Finland and Sweden In Swedish and Finnish Universities , Licentiate's degree equals completion of the coursework required for a doctorate and a dissertation formally equivalent to half of a doctoral dissertation, likened to a MPhil degree in the British system. The licentiate is particularly popular with students already involved in the working life, such that completing a full doctor's dissertation while working would be too difficult. The Licentiate's degree is called a ''filosofie licentiat'' in Swedish and ''filosofian lisensiaatti'' in Finnish (Licentiate of Philosophy), ''teologie licentiat'' and ''teologian lisensiaatti'' (Licentiate of Theology) etc, depending on the faculty. Furthermore, the requisite degree for a physician's license is ''lisensiaatti''; there is no Master's degree. (The degree ''lääketieteen tohtori'' "Doctor of Medicine" is a traditional "professors degree", or a research Doctorate , with Licentiate as a prerequisite.) The Licentiate of Engineering (LicEng) is an intermediate postgraduate degree used only in a few countries, among them Sweden and Finland, and can be seen as an academic step halfway between a Master's and a PhD. In Swedish, it is called Teknologie Licentiat, usually abbreviated as Tekn. Lic. The Licentiate of Engineering corresponds to 80 academic credits, or nominally two years of full – time work, whereas a Swedish PhD amounts to 160 credits, or a nominal period of four years of full – time work (one credit equals one week of full – time studies). However, as a result of the differences in requirements and individual performance, the time to complete a Licentiate of Engineering degree varies. The programme for a licentiate degree is equivalent to a total of two years of full-time study for those who are awared a doctoral position. A person who has a doctoral position normally teaches on the undergraduate programmes, equivalent to a maximum of 20% of the working time. It then ought to be possible for a licentiate degree to be taken within 2.5 years. (see http://www.chalmers.se/en/sections/education/current_students/joint_rules_and_dire/degree_system/licentiate_degree) Switzerland In Switzerland most of the University degrees are called ''licentiate'', but mostly used in its abbreviation ''lic.'' (coming from Latin ''licentiatus'' (m) or ''licentiata'' (f)). It is equivalent to a Master's degree and qualifies the holder for admission to doctoral studies. It will be progressively changed for the 'Master' grade, due to the Bologna Convention . DOMAIN VARIATIONS Heraldry In Canada, anyone who complete the Level III Heraldic Proficiency Courses will be granted the right to use the post-nominal of LRHSC (Licentiate of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada). This is awarded by the Royal Heraldry Society Of Canada . Medicine and surgery In Britain, several medical degrees are called licentiates. These include:
Until 1999, these degrees were registerable with the General Medical Council , and allowed the bearer to practice medicine in the UK. Theology See Also: Licentiate in Theology The Licentiate of Theology is a Sub-degree or Diploma - or Master's -level qualification offered by a number of educational institutions. BOLOGNA CONVENTION In 2003 , the European Union organized the Bologna Convention on Higher Education - 'The Bologna Process ' - in order to create uniform standards across the EU in that field. The resulting conclusions called for all Europe an universities to change their degree programs to an Undergraduate Degree and a master's degree. SEE ALSO |
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