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In Discourse -based grammatical theory, information flow is any tracking of Referential information by speakers. Information flow affects grammatical structures such as
  • word order ( Topic , Focus , and Afterthought constructions)

  • active, passive, or middle Voice

  • choice of Deixis , such as Articles ; proximal, medial, and distal deictics such as Spanish ''este, ese, aquel'', are often determined by the familiarity of a referent as much as by physical distance

  • overtness of information, such as whether an Argument of a verb is indicated by a Lexical Noun Phrase , a Pronoun , or not mentioned at all.