Information AboutHypocrisy |
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Hypocrisy is the act of condemning or calling for the condemnation of another person when the critic is guilty of the act for which he demands that the accused be condemned. Though hypocrisy is frequently invoked as an accusation in Debate s, a few theorists have studied the utility of hypocrisy, and in some cases have suggested that the conflicts manifested as hypocrisy are a necessary or even beneficial part of human behavior and society.Nils Brunsson (2003). ''The Organization of Hypocrisy: Talk, Decisions and Actions in Organizations. ''Copenhagen Business School Press; 2Rev Ed edition. ISBN 978-8763001069 ETYMOLOGY The word ''hypocrisy'' derives from the Greek ὑπόκρισις (hypokrisis), which means "play-acting", "acting out", "feigning, dissembling" or "an answer"Pocket Oxford Classical Greek Dictionary, ed Morwood and Taylor, OUP 2002; the word ''hypocrite'' is from the Greek word ὑποκρίτης (hypokrites), the Agentive Noun associated with ύποκρινομαι (hypokrinomai), i.e. "I play a part." Both derive from the verb κρίνω, "judge, assess," presumably because the performance of a dramatic text by an actor was to involve a degree of interpretation, or assessment, of that text. Nevertheless, whereas ''hypokrisis'' applied to any sort of public performance (including the art of rhetoric), ''hypokrites'' was a technical term for a stage actor and was not considered an appropriate role for a public figure. In Athens in the 4th Century BC, for example, the great orator Demosthenes ridiculed his rival Aeschines , who had been a successful actor before taking up politics, as a ''hypokrites'' whose skill at impersonating characters on stage made him an untrustworthy politician. This negative view of the ''hypokrites,'' perhaps combined with the Roman disdain for actors, later shaded into the originally neutral ''hypokrisis.'' It is this later sense of ''hypokrisis'' as "play-acting," i.e. the assumption of a counterfeit persona, that gives the modern word ''hypocrisy'' its negative connotation. In all this, we do not find the modern idea that the hypocrite is unaware that his performance or argument stands in contradiction with his self: on the contrary, a ''hypocrite'' in antiquity was someone who intentionally tried to deceive others. HYPOCRISY AND MORALITY Hypocrisy has been described alongside lack of , the Qur'an rails against the Munafiq - those who claim to be believers and peacemakers, thinking they are fooling Allah and others, but only fool themselves. "And of mankind are some who say, 'We believe in God and the Last Day,' when they believe not. They think to beguile God and those who believe, and they beguile none save themselves; but they perceive not. In their hearts is a disease, and God increases their disease. A painful doom is theirs because they lie. And when it is said to them, 'Make not mischief on the earth,' they say, 'We are only peacemakers.' Behold they are indeed the mischief-makers but they perceive not." Al-Baqara 8-12 PSYCHOLOGY OF HYPOCRISY In Psychology , hypocritical behavior is closely related to the Fundamental Attribution Error : individuals are more likely to explain their own actions by their environment, yet they attribute the actions of others to 'innate characteristics', thus leading towards judging others while justifying ones' own actions. Jones, E. E. & Harris, V. A. (1967). The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 3, 1–24. Also, some people genuinely fail to recognize that they have character faults which they condemn in others. This is called Psychological Projection . This is Self-deception rather than deliberate deception of other people. In other words, "Psychological hypocrisy" is usually interpreted by psychological theorists to be an unconscious defense mechanism rather than a conscious act of deception, as in the more classic connotation of hypocrisy. People understand Vice s which they are struggling to overcome or have overcome in the past. Efforts to get other people to overcome such vices may be sincere. There may be an element of hypocrisy as well if the actors do not readily admit to themselves how far they are or have been subject to these vices. HYPOCRISY IN HUMOR Hypocrisy is often utilized intentionally as a form of sarcastic Humor , not only in Film and Television , but among the population. Of course, there is a distinct boundary between humorous hypocrisy and what can be interpreted as serious hypocrisy. Often, if the hypocrisy act is carried out too long, one may get the impression that they are serious. Another form of serious hypocrisy that was intended to be funny is when the listener does not realize that it is humor, or when the speaker insults the listener. In comedy writing, this is sometimes called a " Stan Daniels turn," a joke setup where "a character says something and then does an immediate 180-degree shift on what he just said," according to '' The Simpsons '' producer Al Jean .Stewart, Susan (April 14, 2007). Stan Daniels, 72, a Writer of Emmy-Winning Sitcoms, Dies. '' The New York Times '' THEORETICAL ISSUES Multiple theories of hypocrisy have been proposed. The conflict caused by Contradiction can lead to differing outcomes. In Organizational Studies , theorists like Nils Brunsson have discussed the Paradox of the morality of hypocrisy. Brunsson reasons that, despite conventional social reactions to it, hypocrisy may be an essential guard against Fanaticism , and may be to the benefit of high values and moral behaviour. In the field of International Relations scholars such as Krasner have suggested that Sovereignty , specifically as brought about by the Peace Of Westphalia , reaffirmed the principle '' Cuius Regio, Eius Religio '', meaning that the ruler's faith became the official denomination of his state. Krasner calls this a system of "organized hypocrisy." Stephen D. Krasner (1999). ''Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy.'' Princeton University Press ISBN 978-0691007113 SEE ALSO
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