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Hypertext most often refers to text on a Computer that will lead the user to other, related information on demand. Hypertext represents a relatively recent innovation to User Interfaces , which overcomes some of the limitations of written text. Rather than remaining static like traditional text, hypertext makes possible a dynamic organization of information through links and connections (called Hyperlinks ). Hypertext can be designed to perform various tasks; for instance when a user "clicks" on it or "hovers" over it, a bubble with a word definition may appear, or a web page on a related subject may load, or a video clip may run, or an application may open. ETYMOLOGY The prefix hyper- ( Modern Greek term for "over" or "beyond") signifies the overcoming of the old linear constraints of written text. The term "hypertext" is often used where the term Hypermedia might seem appropriate; the two have always been synonymous but "hypertext" is grammatically simpler. TYPES AND USES OF HYPERTEXT Hypertext documents can either be static (prepared and stored in advance) or dynamic (continually changing in response to user Input ). Static hypertext can be used to cross-reference collections of data in documents, Software Applications , or books on CD. A well-constructed system can also incorporate other user-interface conventions, such as menus and command lines. Hypertext can develop very complex and dynamic systems of linking and cross-referencing. The most famous implementation of hypertext is the World Wide Web . HISTORY Early precursors to hypertext Recorders of information have long looked for ways to categorize and compile it. Early on, experiments existed with various methods for arranging layers of , ➧like this. Later several scholars entered the scene who believed that Humanity was drowning in Information , causing foolish decisions and duplicate efforts among scientists. These scholars proposed or developed proto-hypertext systems predating electronic computer technology. For example, in the early 20th Century , two visionaries attacked the cross-referencing problem through proposals based on Labor -intensive, Brute Force methods. Paul Otlet proposed a proto-hypertext concept based on his monographic principle, in which all documents would be decomposed down to unique phrases stored on Index Card s. In the 1930s , H.G. Wells proposed the creation of a World Brain . . The Memex All major Histories of what we now call hypertext start in 1945 , when Vannevar Bush wrote an article in '' The Atlantic Monthly '' called " As We May Think ," about a futuristic device he called a Memex . He described the device as a mechanical desk linked to an extensive archive of Microfilm s, able to display Book s, Writing s, or any document from a Library . The Memex would also be able to create 'trails' of linked and branching sets of pages, combining pages from the published microfilm library with personal annotations or additions captured on a microfilm recorder. Bush's vision was based on extensions of 1945 technology - microfilm recording and retrieval in this case. However, the modern story of hypertext starts with the Memex because "As We May Think" directly influenced and inspired the two American men generally credited with the invention of hypertext, Ted Nelson and Douglas Engelbart . The invention of hypertext Ted Nelson coined the words "hypertext" and "hypermedia" in 1965 and worked with Andries Van Dam to develop the Hypertext Editing System in 1968 at Brown University . Engelbart had begun working on his NLS system in 1962 at Stanford Research Institute , although delays in obtaining funding, personnel, and equipment meant that its key features were not completed until 1968 . That year, Engelbart demonstrated a hypertext interface to the public for the first time, in what has come to be known as " The Mother Of All Demos ". Funding for NLS slowed after 1974 . Influential work in the following decade included NoteCards at Xerox PARC and ZOG at Carnegie Mellon . ZOG started in 1972 as an Artificial Intelligence research project under the supervision of Allen Newell , and pioneered the "frame" or "card" model of hypertext. ZOG was deployed in 1982 on the U.S.S. Carl Vinson and later commercialized as Knowledge Management System . Two other influential hypertext projects from the early 1980s were Ben Shneiderman's The Interactive Encyclopedia System (TIES) at the University Of Maryland (1983) and Intermedia at Brown University (1984). Applications The first hypermedia application was the Aspen Movie Map in 1977 . In 1980 , Tim Berners-Lee created ENQUIRE , an early hypertext database system somewhat like a Wiki . The early 1980s also saw a number of Experiment al hypertext and Hypermedia programs, many of whose features and Terminology were later integrated into the Web. Guide was the first hypertext system for Personal Computer s. In August 1987 , Apple Computer revealed its HyperCard application for the Macintosh line of computers at the MacWorld Convention in Boston, Massachusetts . HyperCard was an immediate hit and helped to popularize the concept of hypertext with the general public. The first hypertext-specific Academic Conference took place in November 1987 , in Chapel Hill NC. Meanwhile Nelson, who had been working on and advocating his Xanadu system for over two decades, along with the commercial success of HyperCard, stirred Autodesk to invest in Nelson's revolutionary ideas. The project continued at Autodesk for four years, but no product was released. Hypertext and the World Wide Web In the late 1980s , Berners-Lee, then a scientist at CERN , invented the World Wide Web to meet the demand for automatic information-sharing among scientists working in different universities and institutes all over the world. Then in early in .http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q1/0261.html After the release of web browsers for both the PC and Macintosh environments, traffic on the World Wide Web quickly exploded from only 500 known web servers in 1993 to over 10,000 in 1994 . Thus, all earlier hypertext systems were overshadowed by the success of the web, even though it lacked many features of those earlier systems, such as Typed Link s, Transclusion , and Source Tracking . IMPLEMENTATIONS Besides the already mentioned Project Xanadu , Hypertext Editing System , NLS , HyperCard , and World Wide Web , there are other noteworthy early implementations of hypertext, with different feature sets:
ACADEMIC CONFERENCES Among the top academic conferences for new research in hypertext is the annual ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia ( HT 2006 ). Although not exclusively about hypertext, the World Wide Web series of conferences, organized by IW3C2 , include many papers of interest. There is a list on the web with links to all conferences in the series. HYPERTEXT FICTION ''See main article Hypertext Fiction '' Hypertext writing has developed its own style of fiction, coinciding with the growth and proliferation of hypertext development software and the emergence of electronic networks. Two software programs specifically designed for literary hypertext, ''Storyspace'' and Intermedia became available in the 1990s. ''Storyspace 2.0'', a professional level hypertext development tool, is available from Eastgate Systems , which has also published many notable works of Electronic Literature , including Michael Joyce 's '' Afternoon, A Story '', Shelley Jackson 's '' Patchwork Girl '', Stuart Moulthrop 's '' Victory Garden '', and Judy Malloy's ''its name was Penelope''. Other works include Julio Cortazar 's '' Rayuela '' and Milorad Pavic 's '' Dictionary Of The Khazars ''. An advantage of writing a narrative using hypertext technology is that the meaning of the story can be conveyed through a sense of spatiality and perspective that is arguably unique to digitally-networked environments. An author's creative use of nodes, the self-contained units of meaning in a hypertextual narrative, can play with the reader's orientation and add meaning to the text. Critics of hypertext claim that it inhibits the old, linear, reader experience by creating several different tracks to read on, and that this in turn contributes to a Postmodernist fragmentation of worlds. However, they do see its value in its ability to present several different views on the same subject in a simple way.http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~scriptor/papers/arthur.html Critics and theorists
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History
Hypertext Conferences
Hypertext Fiction
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