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:hyper''n'' (a, b) =
\begin{matrix}
\mbox{hyper}(a,n,b)&&=&&a\uparrow^{n-2}b&&=&&a o b o (n-2)\
\end{matrix}


(See Knuth's Up-arrow Notation and Conway Chained Arrow Notation .)

For ''n'' = 4 we have hyper4 or ''' Tetration ''', super-exponentiation or power towers in terms of an extension of standard Operator s:

{\operatorname{hyper4} (a, b) = \operatorname{hyper}(a, 4, b) = a ^ {(4)} b = a \uparrow\uparrow b = \atop {\ }} \!\!\!\!\!\!\!}}}} \atop {b\mbox{ copies of }a}} \!\!\!\!\!\!\!{=a o b o 2 \atop {\ }}

See also Tables Of Values .


DERIVATION OF THE NOTATION

It can be seen as an answer to the question "what's next in this Sequence :
Summation  (+),
Multiplication  (×),
Exponentiation  (^),…?"
Noting that
  • a + b = 1 + (a + (b - 1))

  • a imes b = a + (a imes (b - 1))

  • a ^ b = a imes (a ^ {(b - 1)})

    • recursively define an

Infix Triadic Operator (making n=0 correspond to the Successor Function ):


a ^ {(n)} b=
\left\{
\begin{matrix}
b+1, & \mbox{if }n=0 \
a, & \mbox{if }n=1,b=0 \
0, & \mbox{if }n=2,b=0 \
1, & \mbox{if }n\ge 3,b=0 \
a ^ {(n-1)} ( a ^ {(n)} (b - 1)) & \mbox{if }n\ge 1,b\ge 1,a\ge 0
\end{matrix}
ight.



then define
\operatorname{hyper\mathit{n}} (a, b) = a ^ {(n)} b
and
\operatorname{hyper}(a, n, b) = a ^ {(n)} b

This gives:

\operatorname{hyper1} (a, b) = \operatorname{hyper}(a, 1, b) = a ^ {(1)} b = a+b

\operatorname{hyper2} (a, b) = \operatorname{hyper}(a, 2, b) = a ^ {(2)} b = ab

\operatorname{hyper3} (a, b) = \operatorname{hyper}(a, 3, b) = a ^ {(3)} b = a^b

{\operatorname{hyper4} (a, b) = \operatorname{hyper}(a, 4, b) = a ^ {(4)} b = a \uparrow\uparrow b = \atop {\ }} \!\!\!\!\!\!\!}}}} \atop {b\mbox{ copies of }a}}

as further explained in the separate article Tetration .

Known aliases for hyper4 include superpower, '''superdegree''', and '''powerlog'''; other notation,
\operatorname{hyper4}(a,b)={}^{b}a.

The family has not been extended from natural numbers to real numbers in general for ''n>3'', due to non Associativity in the "obvious" ways of doing it.


EVALUATION FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

An alternative for these operators is obtained by evaluation from left to right. Since
  • a+b = (a+(b-1))+1

  • a imes b = (a imes (b-1))+a

  • a^b = (a^{(b-1)}) imes a

    • define (with subscripts instead of superscripts)

a_{(n+1)}b = (a_{(n+1)}(b-1))_{(n)}a
with
a_{(1)}b = a+b,
a _ {(2)} 0 = 0, and
a _ {(n)} 0 = 1
for
n>2

But this suffers a kind of collapse,
failing to form the "power tower" traditionally expected of hyper4:
a_{(4)}b = a^{(a^{(b-1)})}

How can a^{(n)}b be so different from a_{(n)}b for ''n>3''? This is because of a Symmetry called Associativity that's ''defined into'' + and × (see Field ) but which ^ lacks. It is more apt to say the two ''(n)''s were decreed to be the same for ''n<4''. (On the other hand, one can object that the field operations were defined to mimic what had been "observed in nature" and ask why "nature" suddenly objects to that symmetry…)

The other degrees do not collapse in this way, and so this family has some interest of its own as lower (perhaps '''lesser''' or '''inferior''') hyper operators.

For example:

: Moser = (..(2^^2)^^..2)^^2 (258 numbers 2)


SEE ALSO



REFERENCES