suggested that the world was horrible because evil forces existed that were constantly undermining the quality of existence. The evil forces could remain mere spiritual presences, as in '' Don’t Look Now '' ( Nicolas Roeg , 1973), or they could take the guise of witches, demons, or devils. ...Films about witchcraft and ghosts have always been with us. Indeed, the idea of an evil incarnate has a long American tradition. ... The themes of repression and evil forces have long been a staple of American literature, from Nathaniel Hawthorne ’s '' The House Of Seven Gables '' and Washington Irving ’s " The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow " to Edgar Allan Poe ’s “ The Raven ” and Henry James ’ '' The Turn Of The Screw '' Charles Derry, ''Dark Dreams: A Psychological History of the Modern Horror Film''; A S Barnes & Co, 1977.
Derry cites two films as "the most important forerunners in this genre": '' Day Of Wrath '' ( Carl Dreyer , Denmark, 1943) and '' The Devil’s Wanton '' ( Ingmar Bergman , Sweden, 1948), although Derry qualifies the second film as "not a horror film." Four themes that are common to these films lend a consistency to this genre.
- the corruption of innocence, noted in '' The Other '' ( Robert Mulligan , 1972), '' Rosemary’s Baby '' ( Roman Polanski , 1968), ''The Exorcist'', '' The Devil’s Own '' ( Cyril Frankel , 1966), '' Don’t Look Now '' ( Nicolas Roeg , 1973), and '' The Mephisto Waltz '' ( Paul Wendkos , 1971)
- mystic phenomena, especially possession, noted in ''The Mephisto Waltz'', '' Burn, Witch, Burn '' ( Sidney Hayers , 1962), ''The Other'', ''Rosemary’s Baby'', '' The Possession Of Joel Delaney '' ( Waris Hussein , 1972), '' The Innocents '' ( Jack Clayton , 1961), and ''The Exorcist''.
- the emphasis on Christian symbology, noted in ''Horror Hotel'', ''Rosemary’s Baby'', ''The Other'', ''Don’t Look Now'', ''The Exorcist'', ''Burn, Witch, Burn'', ''The Haunted Palace'' ( Roger Corman , 1963), '' Witchcraft '' ( William J. Hole Jr , 1962), '' Diary Of A Madman '' ( Reginald Le Borg , 1963), and the “Morella” segment of '' Tales Of Terror '' ( Roger Corman , 1962).
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